Education And Socialization Among The Tribes

The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) was formed in 2006. This government agency, previously known as the Office of Indian Education Programs, controls the direction and curriculum for all Indian schools as well as managing the funding. Three legislative acts developed the roles of the BIE. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 and The Education Amendments Act of 1978. The only more recent legislation was The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. It is the mission of the BIE to provide quality education to all Native Americans by focusing on the spiritual, mental, physical, and cultural aspects of the individual within his or her family and tribal or village context (U.S. Dept.

A trending issue throughout Native American tribes is low high school graduation rates and high retention rates. There are many reasons why these rates are so low and the national and local governments are working hard to solve these problems. Some reasons why these schools have such high retention rates are the fact there is very little recognition for schools, the lack of a more modern learning environment,and situations such as teen pregnancies, substance abuse, and household situations. These all have a direct correlation to why Native American youth have such high retention rates.

As in these past decades many of the young Indigenous people in reservations are not able to fulfill their dream to become someone in life due to poverty. “High school graduation rates are also among the lowest of any population. In the states with the most American Indians, less than 50% of Native students graduate, on average” (). There is a tremendous effect of poverty that takes a toll on young Native Americans dreams and future in reservations. “ Roughly 51 percent of Native American students in the class of 2010 earned a high school diploma.

There are 529 federally recognized Indian Nations in the United States (National Congress of American Indians, 2003). The United States Constitution currently recognizes these Indian Nations as sovereign nations; but this was not always the case, especially regarding education of Native American students. According to PBS, a program of assimilation education began on the reservations. This was in the hopes that the assimilation of the children would translate to assimilation of the parents. However, this didn’t work in the way that was hoped, so education reformers pushed for Native American boarding schools. Children were taken from their parents (with no legal backing other than assimilation) and sent to boarding schools, where they were

They made transitions such as moving property ownership from females to males, using modern farming technologies, sending children to school, and attending church. These tribes soon became known as the Five Civilized Tribes, but ultimately, they were unable to assimilate due to the issue of land ownership. Communal property was incompatible with absolute property because the Americans believed that occupied land was not equivalent to owning the land. As a result, Southerners re-divided counties in the South, making it easier for them to gain legal title on Native American land . Southerners also formed the basis of a new Indian class. Sons of plantation masters impregnated Indian women and their mixed children were able to sit on tribunal councils. The Southern master class used these mixed-Indians as their proxies. Sitting on tribunal councils, mixed council members were bilingual, familiar with both societies, and had major political power that they used to transform Indian society1. Mixed-Indians were involved in Indian wars, such as one involving warriors of the Creek, Cherokee, and Choctaw tribes against the Chickasaw warriors in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend¹.

The sampling method used in this research is a convenience sample, a nonprobability based sampling method. The sample respondents were heads of the household with the

The methodology was described with the data collection method. Quantitative and qualitative questionnaire which consisted of closed questions with a choice of fixed answers and free text to enhance qualitative data were sent out in the form of mailshot, followed by telephone call to non-respondents and it was repeated for more wider sample results to gain more evidence to reduce bias (Parahoo, 2006).

Native Americans put up a good fight in defending their homelands against foreign invaders. Unfortunately, they suffered defeat and realized they would have to adapt to a new way of life. The battle for their lands was over, but the battle for their identities would just begin. However, it would not be the hardened warriors engaging in this conflict. Instead, the young Native American children would witness first-hand the American government’s solution to the Indian problem. Boarding schools were established to assimilate Native American children into white society. These boarding schools had both positive and negative impacts on the children.

The research methods used were based on social research methods. (Walter, 2006). The methods used where a quantitative and qualitative research approach to gathered data and analyse the findings. In addition, using observation, conducting survey, an interview, past lectures and tutorials material, research and access of media guided this

In the early years, George Washington believed that the best way to solve the “Indian Problem” was to simply “civilize” the Native Americans. The Goal was to convert them to Christianity, learn to speak and read English and adopt European-style economic practices like Individual ownership of land and other property. Some of the Tribes embraced these customs and become known as the “Five Civilized Tribes”. (www.history.com)

Educating the youth has always been a large part of Native American culture. Parents, family members and the entire society ensured that a child would grow up with a firm knowledge of history, culture, and spiritual practice, as well as skills in arts, crafts and making ones way in the world. Throughout the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries however the role of community in educating youth was usurped by outside influences. From missionaries, to boarding schools, the imposition of Anglo education on Native American tribes has long been a source of pain and difficulty for the Native American students forced into religious or federal institutions. However, in the later half of the twenty-first century the educational picture

Abubakar stresses why education is valuable beyond the focus of intellectual development and how education influences the well-being of a society. The author provides a general overview on the dilemma of illiteracy in developing countries and statistics conveying: adult literacy rates, children out-of-school information, and figures on literacy level improvements and literate populations.

The consolidated nature of Indian families gives extended family members the power to have great influence over their younger relatives. If this aspect of Indian family life holds true, then it is natural for parents to have a colossal amount of influence over their children. In the Indian culture, parents are a symbol of unquestionable authority and the unmovable force of their household. We can see that Indian children are educated

One hundred and four high school students in India were selected to be the participants of the study. The share of the males is equal to the share of the females for these participants. In other words, there were 52

In general, there are several methods for data collection and the different data collection methods provided its own advantages and disadvantages (Sekaran 2003, p. 223). For carrying out the data collection, the appropriate methods should be applied. In the research, the data collection could be done through the interview, for example, face-to-face and telephone interview. To collect the data by using interview technique, the questionnaire is commonly employed as the instrument for gathering data, the questionnaire could be able to distribute by mail or electronic mail. In addition, the data collection could be conducted by observation of individuals with or without audio or video recording. Before choosing the methods for data collection the expertise of the researcher, the degree of accuracy required, time and resources must be taken into consideration. Thus,