Effect Of Gum Arabic As Prebiotics And Lactobacillus Casei Shirota

Causes of kidney disease are wide-ranging in number; however diabetes, high blood pressure, inherited disease, and infection remain to be the contenders of cause (Davidson, 2011). Acute kidney disease can be identified by anuria and oedema. CKD is often called a “silent” killer, because instead of a sign, that would render immediate evidence, CKD only provides symptoms that many don’t know to correlate to renal issues. The symptoms may also increase at the latter stages of the

Liver is known as the metabolic port of entry for any endobiotic and xenobiotic substance. The anabolism and catabolism of most of the nutrients are in major performed by the liver. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism by the liver is of significance as the anomalies in metabolism of these nutrients may introduce several types of metabolic syndromes. The protective effects of aqueous green tea extract have been shown on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models [74]. Different nutrients combinations were tested in a long-term feeding in experimental mouse model. Regional and continental food habit and practices are very much different. Effects of Western, vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat

Fig. 12 CXL10-/- mice are relatively protected against FFC-induced liver injury and inflammation. WT & CXCL10-/- mice were fed either chow or FFC-diet for 20 weeks. (A) Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured. (C) Total RNA was extracted from liver tissue and mRNA expression of surface macrophage marker cluster of differentiation (CD)68 was evaluated by real-time qPCR. (D) Assessment of macrophage infiltration in fixed liver tissue was done by immunohistochemistry using macrophage galactose-specific lectin (Mac-2) antibody. Bar columns represent mean ± S.E.M. *** P < .001, * P < .05 compared to WT chow-fed mice.

This indicates that the metabolism of proteins was apparently affected by Ch.t extract. The improvement on the levels of protein and albumin in the diabetic treated groups show that Ch.t extract have significant effect in glucose and protein level because insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis from protein [ ] or could be due to improvement in renal function. This affirmative agrees with the fact that the weight of skeletal muscles was significantly increase in diabetic rats treated with Ch.t extract. The decrease in albumin level documented for diabetic rats may be due to liver massive necrosis, deterioration of liver function, hepatic resistance to insulin and glycogen impairment of oxidative phosphorylation[ ].Under the same experimental conditions serum globulin level revealed an appreciable decrease[ ]. The renal pathogenesis is related to duration of diabetes, the most devastating complication with diabetes is nephropathy[

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it

Vitamin A and D have showed unexpected and crucial effects on immune system. Vitamin A includes innate immune towards microbial infection, absence of vitamin A can increase the chance of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection. Also excessive intake of vitamin A Is associated with toxicity, including blocked hematopoiesis, mitogen-induced T-cell spread, antigen-specific antibody production, and an increased susceptibility to infectious organisms. Vitamin A is also given by Retinoid supplement to treat the skin effects of T-cell lymphoma. Vitamin C also known as Ascorbic Acid also contribute in innate immunity system, Vitamin C works during infection to prevent oxidative damage. Lower concentration of vitamin C in leukocyte is related to reduce immune response in humans. It has been proven that Vitamin C concentrations in the plasma and leukocytes rapidly decline during infections and stress. Iron chelators such as desferrioxamine inhibit the activity of phagocyte oxidase and reduce reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing of bacterial pathogens, both in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, Zinc is a dietary trace mineral that is responsible for growth and development, and it is essential for the function of cells of the immune system. It increased susceptibility to

If gum is so great to adults and children of all kinds then how come there has been so many weird side effects? It can cause Irritable bowel syndrome, can lead to the rotting of teeth and can lead to mercury in peoples system through fillings , But ‘’ Fortunately , the small amount released through dental fillings isn’t likely to harm you, says Dr.Takahashi...’’(Melone). Even though the rumor to gum fulling you food craving are known to millions, it has been proven that it can lead people to eat even more unhealthy food then what they tried to

Gum is made out of five main ingredients. They all have a role in making the gum chewy, sweet, colourful and flavourful. These five ingredients are gum base, softeners, sweeteners, flavourings, and colouring. First, gum base. Gum base is what makes gum chewy. Before World War II, gum’s rubber texture was made out of something called chicle. “It is collected from several species of Mesoamerican trees.” (Chicle, Wikipedia) It is made out of butadiene rubber, which improve the texture and blend with other ingredients compared to chicle. Also, chicle comes in smaller quantities compared to butadiene rubber, which makes butadiene rubber easier to access. Secondly, softeners. “Softeners are made with refined vegetable oil products.” (How Gum Is Made,

Main compounds of the enzymatic antioxidant system are three, namely, SOD, CAT and tT which have an important role in detoxifying of H2O2 and superoxide anion in cells. Ample of hepatotoxic drugs induces the liver damage by lipid peroxidation indirectly or directly. The proxy radicals are main factors that mediate lipid peroxidation leading to liver injury and kidney damage(41). MDA as a main reactive aldehyde appears during polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in the biological

There are links between high serum urate, hyperuricemia, and many inflammatory diseases, yet the mechanism is obscure. For humans, purine and ATP are broken down to urate, which builds up in plasma because we lack the enzyme uricase to promote its excretion as allantoin. Urate may benefit our health by acting as an antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species. Yet, hyperuricemia is associated with gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. These inflammatory diseases are characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. During oxidative stress urate is oxidized to several reactive electrophiles including urate hydroperoxide. This novel oxidant could promote the pro-oxidant effects of urate.

Coffee silverskin has prebiotic effect due to the presence of nondigestible polysaccharides such as arabinogalactans and galactomannans. An in vitro study demonstrated that concentration of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, increased during hindgut fermentation because these microorganisms were capable to use coffee silverskin as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Mannooligosaccharides (MOS) can be obtained by thermal degradation of spent coffee grounds and increased Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium when subjects ingested 1 g∙day-1 of MOS for two weeks as well as improved frequency and days of defecation. Nodigestible polysaccharides promoted growth of Bifidobacterium by lowering pH via the production of short chain fatty acids, and low pH decreased

Probiotics are the good and 'friendly' bacteria that can have many health benefits. These health benefits include aiding in a better immune system with patients who suffer from irritable bowel diseases or syndromes such as crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.Probiotics assist in digesting dairy products for those with lactose intolerance (Duvauchelle 1). They also give a balance to those who have to take antibiotics and helps relieve with side effects such as gas and cramping("Probiotics Symptoms, Causes, Treatment” 2). Vitamin A,Vitamin K,calcium,potassium, and protein are a list of many supplements provided in probiotics (Jerkunica,Bailey,and Gall 1). Probiotics play one of the biggest roles in the immune's response system

The kidney is greatly susceptible to damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROSs), due to oxidative stress by polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of renal lipids (Ozbek, 2012). In addition this damage also can be caused by 1) high volume of blood flows through kidney and 2) large amounts of toxins

If diabetes and hypertension are not present, a careful history and physical examination may show other causes of CKD; for instance, a history of heart failure or cirrhosis suggests reduced renal perfusion from reduced effective intravascular volume as well as renal injury from inflammation and activation of the sympathetic and renin angiotensin aldosterone systems23-24.

The mechanism by which adenine induces CKD is not well elucidated. Adenine and its metabolite, DHA, have low solubility and precipitate in the renal tubules leading to their occlusion and the development of uremia [7, 14]. It has been reported that, adenine has an affinity to cause several oxidative and inflammatory reactions in renal tissues which might cause an increase in several oxidative and inflammatory markers such as catalase, GSH, SOD [12, 17, 22-24]. Adenin treatment caused oxidative stress within the cells. Which demonstrated by the increase in the oxidative derivative of deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG, one of the major DNA oxidative products