Effect Of Positive Selection On Transferrin

Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reese, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon. Biology 105 Taken From; Biology: Concepts & Connections (Fifth Edition) Benjamin Cumming, San Francisco, CA, 2013.

Pathogens can spread widely and affect many organisms at the same time. Several organisms evolve to become immune or to resist pathogens including humans and C. elegans. In this experiment, C. elegans avoidance assay plates were analyzed to determine if the C. elegans evolved to resist the pathogen S. marcerens.

|(2 marks) | |c. |State two symptoms that may have led the veterinarian to suspect that George was suffering from a thyroid hormone |

The two different types of selection differ because instead of the subject only going in one direction it will split off and go two different ways. This would be disruptive selection where there is more than one option to select or two distinct groups. For example, if some flowers and their colors. The main colors may be red, pink and white primarily, say that the more dominate color being a pink flower. What happens if we remove the pink flower from the equation? It would cause the flowers to shift toward the dominant color which in this case you might think is the red. However, in this case it is not because between red and white is the least drastic and according to phenotypes would be the color that would be dominate if pink was eliminated as an option in a directional selection there is only one trait and it is always that dominant trait that dictates body of the population. Directional selection is more based of natural selection and survival. Examples would be things such as a giraffe having a long neck to reach high foliage than other animals for survival or a bunny being a color more specific to blending into its surroundings.

Wischusen, William, Jolissaint, Ann, Reiland, Jane, and Pomarico, Steven. 2012. Biology 1208/1209: Biological Laboratories for Science Majors. Hayden McNeil, Plymouth,

By using DNA sequencing software and using comparative DNA alignment programs, scientists can piece together where the differences and similarities align and the percentage of identical DNA between two species. Another method of classifying these gene-swapping organisms is to alter the method of vertical genomics and shift to a new form of lateral genomics (Koonin et al. 2001). A method using vertical, linear genomics alone will not provide enough resources to clearly assign an organism to a taxonomic group. Also, scientists can look at gene loss over time as a method to group these organisms (Koonin et al. 2001). If scientists would rather stick with similarities to define a taxonomic group, the use of genomic instruments can provide a better picture of which genes are highly conserved between organisms of the same group (Doolittle 1999). Researchers have begun to employ this method as the means for best completing a phylogenetic tree. Using alignments of single copy genes conserved in the genome allows for scientists to achieve that vertical pattern of phylogeny that can be lost when focusing on the amount of transferred genes between groups (Lang et al. 2013).

SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE MICHAEL J. GRANT CAMPUS, BRENTWOOD NY BIO 150—MODERN BIOLOGY I INSTRUCTOR: DR. JAMES F. REMSEN, JR. ADDENDUM TO COURSE OUTLINE Instructor email: remsenj@sunysuffolk.edu Phone: (631) 851-6824 Office: Sagtikos 110 Office Hours Spring 2013: M Tu Th 11:00 A.M.-12:15 P.M. W 6:00-7:15 P.M. (Virtual) This addendum addresses how I run my classroom and what I expect of students above and beyond what is presented in the syllabus. I also offer tips for success in the course, and advice to help you determine if this course will meet your career goals once you complete it. Please take this information in the spirit in which it is offered: to foster a better learning environment, and to help you avoid outcomes that are

Purpose of Bergy’s Manual: based on ribosomal RNA sequences, which presumably reflect phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships. Used for the identification of prokaryotes. 2nd edition on classification of prokaryotes.

Jean Helgeson, David McCulloch, Nelson Rich, and Mary Weis. Collin College Biology 1406/1408 Lab Manual. Plano: Collin College, 2011. 76-90. Print.

Horizontal gene transfer occurs when genes are exchanged between species on different evolutionary routes instead of vertically from parent to offspring. This can be expressed from a tangled web of life over a cladogram. When comparing my cladogram from table 3-1 to figure 3-1, many differences and similarities can be seen. In contrast, my cladogram is a completely straight and increasing line with three different domains of life as terminal taxon and separated with various characteristics. It also shows how some domains, like bacteria, has autopomorphic traits while other traits can be synapomorphic between the three groups. My cladogram also shows Domain Bacteria as the outgroup whereas Domain Archaea and Eukarya are the in-group being studied. It includes nodes and terminal branches and shows which domains evolved more recently than the other or how closely they are related to each other. However, in the web of life, it does not specify what characteristics separated each domain. Instead, each branch ends with a different kingdom that can be classified into the three domains and its branches crisscrosses to express horizontal gene transfer.

Salmon are a fish species of major commercial aquaculture relevance; therefore disease prevention in these farming scenarios is of substantial economic and environmental concern [4, 5]. One disease of relevance to farmed salmon species is the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a.k.a. Chinook salmon disease. It is a rhabdovirus whose genome encodes a glycoprotein, which presents as a viral antigen [6, 7], and is a pathogen that causes deadly disease in many salmonid species of fish. Since its discovery in the 1950s, IHNV has spread throughout North America, as well as to Asian and European countries. It causes necrosis and hemorrhage within infected fish, commonly in the kidney and spleen, and induces high mortality in young fry

Freeman, S., Black, M., Taylor, E., Monroe, J., Allison, L., Podgorski, G.,… Quillin, K. (2013, January 18) Biological Science 5th edition. Chapter 7 pages

Walpole, Brenda. _Biology for the IB Diploma Second Edition._ United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.

Many biologists segregate prokaryotes into kingdom Bacteria and Archaea. There are three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Biologists have inferred that the three domains are the three divisions of life. Some biologists continue to evaluate the origin and relationships of the domains. They have found that evolution is not always linear. Among the course of evolution, genes are passed down ‘vertically’ and swapped laterally from one generation to another. Horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer is when genes exchange amongst organisms in one taxon and related organisms in another taxon. This process is common and can appear in several ways like the exchange of DNA between different

This is likely due to the fact that the molecular phylogeny tree published in ‘Whiting et al (2003) Nature 421:264,’ is constructed from more complete genomic data from each organism, and therefore provides a more holistic and inclusive basis for genetic comparison than the above UPGMA tree, which was constructed from only 81