Effect Of The On Reproductive Health

Most of America¡¯s dairy cows have leukemia virus and after they graze in fields with pesticides their milk contains a mixture of lethal chemicals (¡°Milk: The Deadly Poison¡±). Equally as important are the hormones and antibiotics dairy farmers inject into their cows. One hormone, known as recombinant bovine growth hormone, or rBGH, is injected into many cows to increase milk production. There is evidence that rBGH assists the growth of tumors in lab animals and it stimulates another hormone closely connected with breast cancer (¡°The Case against Dairy¡±). Also, farmers are permitted to give antibiotics to their cows to fight various diseases. Milk and dairy products contain traces of the antibiotic that are passed on to us. Exposure to such toxins breed strains of bacteria that are immune to even the strongest medicine (¡°The Case against Dairy¡±).

A CIDR is a T-shaped device with flexible wings that move to form a rod to insert into the vagina, and a tail is attached to make removal as easy as possible. The CIDR 's nylon spine is covered with a progesterone embedded silicone skin. The CIDR is inserted for seven days, which causes the female’s blood progesterone levels to rise rapidly, with maximum concentrations reached within an hour of insertion. Progesterone levels are maintained at a constant level during the following week. When the CIDR is removed, progesterone concentrations rapidly decrease. Caution should be taken when handling CIDRs; always wear gloves to prevent exposure to progesterone and the introduction of contaminants into the vaginas of other cows. The CIDR 's greatest advantage is to facilitate fixed-time artificial insemination, where no estrus detection is necessary. The protocol is simple, but there are some differences in timing for mature cows and young heifers. For all females, the CIDR is inserted and a GnRH vaccine, such as Cystorelin or Factrel, is injected at the same time. Seven days later, the CIDR is removed and the cow receives a prostaglandin F2 injection, such as Lutalyse. In mature cows, artificial insemination should occur sixty to sixty six hours after CIDR removal, and a second GnRH injection should be

As you can see the dairy cow should be in milk for around 305 days a year and have a drying off period of around 60 days. After calving the cow should be back in calf after 85 days, this is to keep the ratio of 1 calf/ cow/ year. This ratio will get the highest yield out of the cow and keep a good profit margin for the farmer.

Abd El-Shaffy and G. A. Abd El-Rahman.  El-Nor, Khalif and El-Shaffy are from the Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.  Khattab and El-Sayed are from the Animal Production Department Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra Al-Kheimah, Cairo, Egypt.  The last author El-Rahman is from the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University.  All that was just listed was the source of authority that these authors have in their country.  These authors or professors are well-prepared to write about this topic because they talk about the whole experiment.  They inform the reader about what was done in the experiment and what came out of the experiment.  This article came from Revista Veterinaria.  The intended readers are possibly Buffalo breeders to see what is the best way to feed the calf and what milk is the most nutritious.  Also people that are interested in this topic can read this article as well.  There

Growth hormones (GH) are also commonly used today in CAFOs. Cows normally give birth and lactate for about 9 months before milk secretion stops. GH elongate this cycle time and cause reproductive problems in the cows (Forbes, 68). GH increase milk production by 15%, cause animals to grow to maturity

Although previous studies presented no concrete evidence to suggest a cause for this breeding system, scientists hypothesise the cause to be linked to nutrient-deficient environment accustomed to Southern and Western Australian coastal marine (Campbell et al. 2008). While nutrient-poor marine environment demotes synchronized seasonal breeding as it fails to provide lactating cows sufficient energy and nutrient for pups, it has been argued that the non-annual breeding cycle allows for longer maternal association to develop the neonates’ foraging abilities (Gales, Shaughnessy & Dennis 1994). This behaviour of nurturing young pups in developing unique foraging strategies has been termed “family farm hypothesis” by Kirkwood and Goldsworthy (2013, p.61), resulting in females developing stronger inclinations to return to their breeding site. This coincides with studies that presented evidence where analysis of genetic structure revealed increased rates of maternally inherited marker fixation amongst colonies (Campbell

Every year, nearly half a million or more calves are born that are unwanted and transported long distances to be turned into veal. Dairy cows give birth once a year in order to produce milk. Female calves join the dairy herd because

In the Periodical report it describes different studies that are being conducted by determining the different approaches on weaning calves that follows with increased stress in the animal. It has been stated that, when the public eye sees the effects weaning has on both cow and calf, they perceive that it is an animal welfare issue. In detail it describes the importance of reducing stress in the calf while stating that there isn't a perfect way when weaning. Studies have shown many different techniques that improve the welfare and stress in calves when weaning, but nothing can be completely accurate.

They investigated the effect of two types of housing on the duration of farrowing and the physiology of sows before and after farrowing in farrowing pens and farrowing crates. No significant difference was found in the cortisol concentration between the two groups before farrowing but was a significant difference was found during lactation of the crate group of sows had a higher cortisol concentration then the pen group of sows. The duration farrowing was on average 93 minutes longer in the crate sows. During farrowing, the post expulsion oxytocin pluses average tended to be higher in the pen group. This study showed farrowing crates and pens influences the physiology of the sow during farrowing and early lactation. (Oliviero et al.,

The production cycle of beef cattle starts off with a heifer being inseminated. A heifer is a young female cow that hasn’t given birth. (2) In order for a heifer to be inseminated she has to be between 14 and18 months and weighs from 1200 to 1300 pounds. (2) After the heifer is inseminated gestation or pregnancy period starts and it lasts for 283 days or 9 months. (2) After the calf is born it will live on the pasture with the mother to feed and get nutrient from her milk. During the 1st trimester the cow will be inseminated again. At that time the cow is eating for three. (1) After 6-8 months or during 2nd trimester the calf is weaned away from its mother so that the mother can get enough food and nutrients for herself and the calf she’s

The failure to progress with parturition shown by this cow is the most common clinical sign seen by cases of uterine torsion (Frazer, et al., 1996). Other clinical signs observed include depression, constipation, vaginal discharge, restlessness and straining (Lyons, et al., 2013).

The external progression of mastitis is well known by farmers, veterinarians and researchers alike. A cow picks up a pathogen, somatic cell count increases, the udder becomes inflamed and milk quality and production decreases. Less widely known however is what is actually occurring at a cellular level inside the udder in response to the infection.

In the equine oestrous cycle, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is released from the uterus following stimulation by oxytocin when there is not implantation. PGF2α has a luteolytic effect, ceasing the release of progesterone and beginning oestrus. When administered exogenously, PGF2α allows for synchronization of oestrus and shortening the interval to the 2nd postpartum oestrus and interovulatory period. To synchronize the oestrus cycle, 2 injections of PGF2α can be administered 14 days apart in mares with normal cycles. It can also be used in “programming mares,” in which artificial lighting and steroids are used in conjunction with PGF2α to synchronize mares in intensive training programs (Brinsko and Blanchard, 2011). PGF2α can be used for “appointment

As you can see the dairy cow should be in milk for around 305 days a year and have a drying off period of around 60 days. After calving the cow should be back in calf after 85 days, this is to keep the ratio of 1 calf/ cow/ year. This ratio will get the highest yield out of the cow and keep a good profit margin for the farmer.

Progesterone is known as a “hormone of pregnancy”. As in cyclic non-pregnant animal, the progesterone level in plasma and milk decreases during follicular phase, which usually commences 17-21 days post insemination in