7HW019 Health Protection and Health Improvement
Postgraduate Block 2 2011/12
Student Name: ILONZO MBANEFO CHIBUZOR
Student Number: 1120352
Assessment 1 Feedback
Overall Marking Criteria
| A | B | C | D | E | F | Ability to synthesise and evaluate current evidence on a specified public health topic is demonstrated | | | | | | | Demonstration of sound understanding of the nature and scope of the public health topic | | | | | | | Demonstration of critical understanding of theoretical approaches and models used to tackle complex public health problems | | | | | | | Information is correct and clearly reported | | | | | | | Work is clearly presented with few grammatical and spelling
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Bearing in mind the potentially devastating impact of tobacco smoking on the health of the population and the epidemic levels seen in Europe, this is a public health challenge and should be addressed as such.
Evaluation of current evidences Ill health doesn’t happen by chance or through bad luck, but it is highly attributed to the complex interplay between various determinants of health (Naidoo, and Wills, 2000), therefore, in order to study this risk behavior, it is important to study its variation in trends among the various geographical regions within the country. Epidemiological studies done among adults population in North-East Nigeria has linked tobacco smoking with male gender, age and low socio- economic status which comprised of the income, educational status and occupational class of the population (Desalu et al, 2008).
There are underlying factors which may encourage the display of such risky behavior. These include peer pressure, the need for social acceptance and pleasure. Poverty and illiteracy are constant findings observed among these affected population. There is scanty knowledge about the health implications of tobacco smoking and also poor access to health facilities where advice on tobacco smoking may be easily derived. Most smokers see tobacco smoking as a coping mechanism against stress and anxiety (Desalu et
This essay is aimed to explore, analyse and discuss smoking in adults. Smoking is a public health issue as such is one of the major contributors to high mortality and ill-health in the adults which is preventable (Health and Excellence Care (NICE) (2012). The United Kingdom (UK) is known to have the highest number of people with a history of smoking among people with low socio-economic status (Scriven and Garman, 2006; Goddard and Green, 2005). Smoking is considered a serious epidemic in the UK and the National institute for Health and Excellence Care (NICE, 2012) stated that 28% of adults with low economic status are tobacco smokers compared with 13% of those with economic status or having professional
“Smoking rates have halved in Australians over the past 30 years, falling below 16%. Except for in Indigenous populations, smoking rates have remained at more than twice this level, with even higher rates reported in remote communities” (RACGP, 2013) The inequality that has been faced by Indigenous people is still at an unacceptable level, and has “been identified as a human rights concern by the United Nations” (Dick, 2007). Smoking is a major issue because, “it is the most preventable contributor to the gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples” (Ivers, 2011). “Smoking contributes to 17% of the life expectancy gap” (Australian Government: Department for Health and Welfare, 2011). The socio-economic disadvantage faced by Indigenous people leads to the addiction of tobacco, which can be caused by many factors including; their position on the social gradient, education, social exclusion, their employment status and their social support. There is a lack of developed personal skills on the health risks of tobacco, “some Aboriginals don’t identify smoking as a health issue” (Korff, 2014), due to the history of Aboriginal people around smoking. As well as first hand smoke, passive smoking also contributes to poor health, especially for children. Smoking is the major cause for heart disease, stroke, some cancers, lung diseases and a variety of other conditions (HealthInfoNet.ecu.edu.au, 2013). “If we could reduce tobacco consumption levels
Smoking is a particularly common and intractable addictive disorder and is the leading preventable cause of many preventable chronic illnesses and death, responsible for approximately six million annual mortalities Yet, despite the well documented consequences of smoking, despite the unequivocal benefits of quitting and despite facts such as that approximately 17,000 people die each day in the world from smoking prematurely, over a billion people around the world still continue to smoke people continue to engage in this health risk behaviour(www.who.int). This leads us to question what motivates an individual to smoke, and not to smoke.
tobacco smoking is one of the most common forms of smoking is practiced by more than a billion people in most human societies and the tobacco smoking cause of preventable morbidity and mortality
Tjepkema (2002) also states that the high amount of smoking was related to the socio-demographics in different living areas, education and income (socio-economic) status leading to the high prevalence of smoking within the aboriginals.
In America, violence has always been an integral part of national culture. Crime and bloodshed, euphemized through use of “action” (this has a source) plots, are glorified both on and off screen. The more disturbing the act of violence, the more enthralled the public seems. The most prolific of crimes, those committed by infamous serial killers, inspire the most attention. As said by Jeff Lindsay, creator of the book series that inspired the wildly-popular television program, Dexter, “We’re sickened and disgusted, but we need to know. And the more we know about the scene, the more we really are horrified” (“Sympathy for the Devils”). Violence, especially committed by this special class of felons, is enthralling. News reports play a role in this strange attraction, as it is through the news that people even have knowledge of such killers, but the evolution in the “serial killer genre” (Lindsay, “Sympathy for the Devils”) of film and television helps to desensitize people to the gruesome murders that are committed. This begs the question of whether this disturbing trend should be stopped, lest the American “culture of violence” (this has a source) continues to grow stronger. Through news reports, film, and television, criminals are constantly romanticized through use of sympathetic characterization and gratuitous depictions of their crimes, which lends to peoples’ incr
Though recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard is considered one of the twentieth century’s ten greatest public health achievements in the United States, it remains an important health concern.1 Since 1964, over twenty million Americans have died because of firsthand smoking and secondhand exposure, and it remains a large problem.2 Further, every day more than 3,200 people under 18 smoke their first cigarette, adding to the 1 in 5 adults who smoke daily.2 Though progress has been made to reduce smoking, some steps remain to be taken to limit the impact of smoking on all Americans. To understand the influential factors of the social and personal environment that affect tobacco use, the social ecological model can be used. On the individual level, a person’s knowledge of and attitudes towards the harmful effects of smoking are important. To make
Tar and nicotine are both used in tobacco products to give an addictive craving and long term hazardous complications of health. Impoverished income areas are more susceptible to use tobacco products, with a larger tobacco consuming population, than that of a higher income area. Numerous tobacco manufacturing companies rely on the sale production of underprivileged income zones. They specifically target these areas, because chances of residents quitting using the tobacco products are little to none. Many smokers attribute their use of tobacco products to stress. While many users find smoking to be a way to relieve stress, causing a steadied trend in tobacco consumption. Advert tactics used to promote tobacco merchandises, leads to a high consumption of tobacco products. A “no hope” deliberation amongst the youth in lower income areas have driven up or stabilized the tobacco economy in these regions. An association between poverty areas and smoking has been established. Advertisement tactics, stress factors and, the unavoidable downfall of abstinence from tobacco products all create the foundation of correlation between poverty and smoking.
One thing tourist could do in Mexico is going swimming with the dolphins, For example, I was able to do this experience with boyfriend and I had the best experience ever. When we first got there they told us as a joke you could jump in or we could push you in, me and my boyfriend jumped and the dolphins started swimming with us slowly just in case we were scared. Its cheap and if you do it with family you feel the energy and happiness they give you. They have different prices, the best ones are the ones you buy online because you could get it as a packet which give you a promotion or a discount for the actual swimming and the pictures they take of you while you're with the dolphins.
Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., Mcdonald, P. W., Brown, K. S., & Cameron, R., 2004, American Journal of Public Health, 94(8). Copyright 2006 by American
Cigarette smoking is something people all over the world have been doing for about 2000 years. Back in 2003, the first electronic cigarette was successfully created by a gentleman named Hon Lik. Lik was a 52 year old pharmacist at the time, whom of which was also a smoker. The inspiration behind making the electronic cigarette came after Lik’s father passed away from lung cancer due to him also being a heavy smoker. “A Historical Timeline of Electronic Cigarettes.” cassia.org. Consumer Advocates for Smoke Free Alternatives Association, 15 June 2017. The idea behind creating this device was to give smokers a way to still ingest nicotine, the most addictive chemical in tobacco cigarettes, without the countless negative health effects that
Although it remains a large portion of the U.S’ economy, tobacco smoking can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders that affect the user. The effects of smoking tobacco not only affect the user but surrounding people as well: permanently destroying their lungs and children, increasing the chances of diseases and of cancer.
For a country in our financial position the general health of Scotland is very poor. In some areas the average life expectancy is as low as 54 years old for men. A major cause of this is smoking. With the young in particular smoking is much more popular than it used to be. In October 2008, it was estimated that one third of 16-24 year olds smoke. This figure is at a 10 year high. In between the ages of 16-19 it is found that girls are more likely to smoke than boys.
Christianity is religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point of the Christian faith. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians. Christians make up most of the population in 158 countries and territories. Christians believe that Jesus is the saviour of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. The Bible, the sacred text of Christianity says, that good is when you obey what God says and evil is when teachings we follow to be good and live a good life are The Ten Commandments if we fall to temptation we can see by the story of Adam and Eve and the Bible uses stories in the Old Testament such as the 10 Commandments, The Beatitudes and most of all The Golden Rule. It is clear to see that Christians believe that for actions of good or evil God provides consequences, if we are good we will go to heaven.
The effects of cigarette smoking can be horrifying. Smoking is dangerous not only to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children as well. Cigarette smoking is also physically and socially harming.