Effective Appraisal Approaches And Its Influence On Investment Decision Making

Prospect theory is a theory of decision making under conditions of risk. The theory is best known for its hypothesis that individuals are risk-averse with respect to gains and risk-acceptant with respect to losses and for its emphasis on the importance of the actor's framing of decisions around a reference point.

Investors are always tempted to invest in business opportunities that promise good returns. However, this may drive them gambling tendencies and loss of investment. When savings are seen as appropriate ways of investment accompanied by initial outlays and delight of first results, temptations arise with the call for further re-investments. Investors have critical choices to make at such a point. This is because the accomplishment of the initial investment can characteristically accelerate an appetite for further investment that might expose them to risks. This is an essential stage in the path of any investor and a wise one identifies and effectively navigates this phase (Bery, 2007).

The idea of “risk” is used in many fields and industries. There has been large efforts made towards the understanding of risk. Since, risk varies so much depending on the field of study, the need for learning about it is warranted. As can be imagined, the importance of risk in a market economy is crucial. In the 1990s, JP Morgan made the Value at Risk (VaR) a central component of its work efforts (Cecilia-Nicoleta, Anne-Marie, & Carmen-Maria, 2011).

Speculative risk exists when there is uncertainty about an event that can produce either a profit or a loss.

* There are three (3) schools of thought regarding risk. The first considers the positive and negative aspects of risk, but sees them as separate. The second group believes that there are benefits from treating threats and opportunities together, while the third school does not label uncertainties, but addresses uncertainty as part of “doing the job.” Argue the value of having a risk strategy despite the cost associated with it. Include an example to support

Risk literature often separates 'risk ' from 'uncertainty ', defining the risk as a measurable probability that something will happen, however, even where experts claim they can give an exact probability value to a risk, there is always a possibility that the experts may be wrong (Hansson 2002 p4). In common usage the words 'risk ' and 'uncertainty ' are often synonymous (Lupton 1999 p9)

To date there has been a contestation around risk approach. One approach is so called realism. The exponents of realism propose that risk is the outcome of probability

According to Frank Knight, who was an economic explore, he was keen to explore the concept of risk is arguably known as the probability distribution over a set of given events. However, from various definitions of uncertainties,

Prospect theory is an important alternative descriptive theory for decision-making under unreliable situation (Kahneman and Tversky 1979), which includes real life selection and psychological analysis between choices that involve risk. Prospect theory, which efforts to explain individual make decisions between risky replacements based on the value of potential gains and losses (Wakker 2010), advanced from expected utility theory, which explains that investors want to maximize expected utility of wealth when unclearly situations (Blavatskyy 2007). According to Kahneman and Tversky (1992), more recent researches perceived nonlinear preferences in choices that do not involve definite events in prospective theory. The concept of framing effect refers description invariances (Kahneman and Tversky 1992). To be specific, individual always makes the same decision in identical choice conditions. Also, decision makers have tendency to

In part, Prospect Theory offers insights into why people make non-optimizing decisions rather than only those that are profit maximizing. Prospect Theory is central to much of Behavioural Finance and is often contrasted with the more conventional Efficient Market Hypothesis and Expected Utility Theory.

Risk can be defined as “The possibility of a (negative) event occurring”. Risk and uncertainty go hand in hand. When you are certain about something that you do then there is less or no risk involved. There is more risk when there is uncertainty about a particular outcome and you still go for it.

Concept of risk, risk assessment, risk management and how uncertainty affects the process will be discussed.

1. Large Amount of Company Resources: Involvement of large amount of company resources and efforts which will necessitate careful evaluation to be undertaken before a decision is reached.

According to the business dictionary, investment appraisal is the technique used to determine if an investment is going to be profitable or not. Investment decision is extremely vital because it is consistently concerned with the future survival, success and growth of the organisation. The primary objective of an organisation is maximization of shareholder wealth; investment must make not only to maintain shareholder’s wealth but also to increase it. To ensure the maximization objective, it is important that the management managing the organisation make best decision that are based on the best information available and use of the most appropriate appraisal techniques.

In their research study, Souder & Myles (2010) identify that risk is chiefly fundamental to investing. Böhringer & Löschel (2008) further add that there is no discussion of returns or performance that is deemed meaningful in the absence of at least some mention of the involved risk. However, the trouble for investors, who have just entered into the marketplace, involves the process of figuring where risk really lies, as well as what the difference between the various levels of risks. Relating to the manner, in which risk is fundamental to investments, a significant number of new