Effectiveness And Sources Of Risk Of Viral Control And Prevention Through Wastewater Treatment From Reservoirs And Human Waste

Some of the most emerging and re-emerging agents of the waterborne diseases are; Cholera which is caused by the ingestion of water that is infected by Vibrio Cholerae. This is a painless form of diarrhea characterized by watery stool. Dysentery which is caused by Escherichia Coli. Typhoid that is caused by Salmonella typhi which is usually accompanied by fever is yet another disease. Gastroenteritis diseases caused by Giardia and Cryptosporodia and some species of hepatitis are also known to be caused by water (CDC, 2011). These disease causing agents find their way into the human body through infected water that people from the poorer communities in Uganda use and have no option of cleaner water.

The evidence used in order to find out if the cases are connected would be the groups of people exposed to the contaminant.

Scientists have studied the impact of water borne pathogens over time. Just how dependent human life is on the waterways is one such question which arises. The study involves the effect of such pathogens on human life. This study was narrowed down to the area of the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay each weekend is occupied for recreational use. Such activities as swimming, fishing, and body surfing are common place. Normally each year thousands of pounds of seafood are distributed from out of the bay. There is a vast amount of people who come to visit the area each year.

From each location three separate samples will be gathered from about fifty yards away from each other in order to obtain more reliable results and limit variability. Theses samples will be gathered the same day in order to limit the error in testing due to changes in the weather. We will first test the water samples from the Middle Patuxent River in order to provide the base for our results. These results will be the healthy sample that is not at risk for an outbreak. We will make a standard curve for each test using the three samples from this location for each test. Then we will repeat each of the tests from the samples from the Inner Harbor. We will then compare these results to a standard curve created from the Middle Patuxent

Contaminated water poses health risks on humans, pets, wild animals, and farm animals. (Mcdermott-Levy 2013)

Wild aquatic fowl, ducks in particular, serve as a reservoir for the Influenza virus to transmit into poultry and then to humans. Infected birds shed flu viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces (CDC, 2004). The current virus seen in Asia is denoted as H5N1 and was first seen in terns in South Africa in 1961 (CDC, 2004). The first human seen infection of the avian H5N1 viruses was in 1997 in Hong Kong in a three- year old boy (Ruben, 2005). The outbreak involved 18 cases and killed 6, one third of the confirmed infected population (Rueben, 2005). In three days 1.5 million birds were killed in order to prevent further spread. A new pandemic is now on the horizon with recent outbreaks in poultry in the eight Asian countries of Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam since 2004 (CDC, 2005). As of July 5, 2005, there have been 108 reported human cases of the H5N1 virus with 54 deaths (CDC, 2004). In wake of a

Often, toxic substances are being drained into the air, waterways, and undergrounds wells. According to the report by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), over 60 million pounds of deadly chemicals are produced by industries in Florida. Notably, Florida’s water has been suffering mercury contamination until the state’s department of migration issues a circular regularly for regulations of eating freshwater fish in the region (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission). In fact, such metals emanate from coal combustion’s emissions which run into water bodies. Not to mention, pesticides and herbicides utilized by government and homeowners pollute the environment (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission). Indeed, all chemicals released into the atmosphere find themselves in rivers.

Dating back to the ancient Greek and Roman times, humans have frequently modified and adjusted their recreational water practices. Sanitization policies have developed over time to combat the waterborne illnesses that have emerged from the use of public bathhouses and pools.

Norovirus can also be recovered from water and water acts as a source of transmission of the disease, therefore, recreational water venues can be associated with the outbreak of norovirus disease.

Two out of every five people living in Sub-Saharan Africa lack safe water. A baby there is 500 times more likely to die from water-related illness than one from the United States. This is a serious ongoing issue that requires the rest of the world to take action. Water spreads diseases easily if the necessary precautions are not taken. Many developing African countries don’t have sewage treatment, or the people don’t have methods to filter and disinfect. Once a person is sick either there is no way to cure them, or medical care is too expensive, so they are left untreated with a high risk of death. Although many believe that the fight for sanitary water in Africa is insurmountable, people in these developing countries can overcome their challenge to access clean water and avoid water-borne diseases through proper sewage treatment facilities, universal water filtration and medical care.

There is a consensus around the negative impact of hospital infectious waste on the different environmental ecosystems. The wastewater that is produced by the health care facilities is contaminated with different pathogenic organisms, hazardous chemicals, pharmaceuticals and radioactive isotopes (Ananth et al., 2010). Waste management involves the usage of high amounts of water, which is a crucial issue in the developing countries that suffer from water scarcity, and could be considered as wastage of water resources (Rijsberman, 2006). Moreover, the inappropriate disposal of wastewater could contaminate the natural water resources (Emmanuel, Pierre, & Perrodin, 2009). The harmful microorganisms cannot stand the exposure to heat and ultraviolet radiation except few which are resistant to these conditions (Emmanuel et al., 2009). These resistant organisms survive in the unusual habitat till they succeed to cause another infectious cycle. Hepatitis B is one of the highly resistant organisms that could persist for considerable time and under stressful conditions (Emmanuel, Keck, Blanchard, Vermande, & Perrodin, 2004). That is the reason why Hepatitis B cause the most infections through hospital infectious waste every year (WHO, 2015).

If poliovirus is detected, the genetic sequences of polioviruses isolated from ES are compared with those of isolates from clinical cases to evaluate the relationships and correlation among the viruses. The ES provides valuable information, particularly in high-density populations where AFP surveillance is of poor quality, persistent virus circulation is suspected, or frequent virus reintroduction is perceived. This is evident in countries that are currently endemic Pakistan and Nigeria where ES is being implemented. The ES of poliovirus in sewage is a sensitive approach to monitor silent poliovirus circulation in populations that is being served by that sewerage system. ES is important since it can help in decision making on when to launch a supplementary immunization program. To evaluate poliovirus transmission, ES programs is being also implemented in countries that are at highest risk for poliovirus transmission, like Kenya which borders Somalia, a country that has been a source of

Prevention is a key component of epidemiology and entails interventions that reduce the risk of disease or certain levels of threats to health. A primary prevention example, as to not allowing manufacturing companies to dump waste into river that can affect our water supplies. Secondary prevention, It includes preventive measures stop the community for drinking the infected water and for people who drank the water treating them to slow down the effects. Tertiary prevention, includes long term preventative measures. To include management programs to assist the individuals infected with

It is estimated that there is 3.52 x 1020 gallons of water in the oceans of the world. Converted into to liters, this is about 1.3 x 1021 liters of water in all the world’s oceans. With this being the case, there are about 1.3 x 1024 milliliters of water in the oceans [103 x (1.3 x 1021)]. To calculate the number of viral particles per milliliter, divide the number of viral particles by milliliters of water in the oceans, [1030/(1.3x1024)]. This equals, 769,230 or 7.7 x 105 viral particles per milliliter of water. It is estimated that 0.96-1.19 about 1ml of saliva before swallowing. It would be feasible that water may enter the mouth and be swallowed up to five times during a swimming session. If each time, 1ml of water is swallowed that totals

Although the state of America’s water infrastructure is of great concern, the types of chemicals found in America’s tap water are equally as frightening. The passage of the Water Act in 1972 prevents the direct dumping of hazardous chemicals directly into waterways, and helps regulate quality standards of water. However, the Clean Water Act is has no jurisdiction on regulating indirect dumping of chemicals that integrates into water supplies. Pesticides and prescription drugs are the greatest cause for concern of indirect containments in America’s water supply (Olsen). An abundance of the harmful chemicals found in liquefied animals feces, used in large dairy states, have percolated into drinking wells that have caused serious infections (Duhigg). However, more harmful containments are infiltrating water supplies. Such containments include