Effects Of Cultural Barriers On Reporting

Domestic violence is an issue that has not been given much attention in the Hispanic culture as it is seen as a norm. Domestic violence is defined “as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner” (justice.gov). Hispanics are affected more than the non-Hispanic populations when it comes to the consequences domestic violence brings and also the constant occurrence of domestic violence in the Hispanic

Although this is very devastating, this is not the first instance of domestic partner homicide occurring in the United States. About three women are killed everyday in the United States by current or former relationships.Violence against women affects many women across different cultures, race, ethnicities, etc., however in America, African-American women make up about half of female homicide victims even though they make up 13 percent of the population (O’Hara, 2017). Additionally they are victimized by domestic violence 35 percent more than white women (O 'Hara, 2017).We see how violence against women connects to the paternalistic roots, and also intersects with race being that African-American women are exposed to violence at a much higher rate than white women.

There is no question that police brutality, when it occurs, is one of the most egregious violations of public trust that a public servant can commit. Police officers, those individuals taxed with protecting the public from danger, should never be in a situation where they pose a threat to the public. Furthermore, there is no question that police brutality occurs. Moreover, generally when there are allegations of police brutality, there has been some type of underlying violent incident. In addition, while issues of brutality may seem clear-cut to a disinterested observer, it is critical to keep in mind that law enforcement officers are not presented with textbook examples of the appropriate or inappropriate use of force, but real-life scenarios involving quick decisions. There are many arrest and non-arrest scenarios where officers need to use force to protect self or others; and the degree of force required may be greater than what a disinterested observer would assume. Another recurrent issue in debates about police brutality is that racial bias appears to be a motive behind police brutality. When one considers that minorities are disproportionately likely to be arrested and convicted of crimes, one would expect to find a disproportionate number of minorities among those alleging police brutality. Therefore, while acknowledging that police brutality, when it occurs, is a serious problem, the reality is that most

According to data from the 2006 National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships (Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares,ENDIREH), 10.72 % of Mexican women who are currently married, cohabiting, separated, or divorced have been subject- ed to sexual intimate partner violence (IPV), and 23.72 % have experienced physical violence at the hands of their cur- rent or previous partner….[However], women’s reactions and strategies for seeking help (or not) from public institutions and social networks have not received the same degree of attention” (Frías and Carolina Agoff, 2015).

Chapter 4 in The Color of Justice: Race, ethnicity, and crime in America, was about the relations between society and law enforcement officers. This has been a major topic, especially in the United States for a long time. The unfortunate statistic that minorities are more likely to encounter being killed, arrested, and victimized by excessive physical force; has been a real issue even in today’s society. However, police departments are trying to combat the way police officers interact with the community; especially those of color. Although steps have been takes there are still some instances where police aggression happens. With all of the issues that arise between certain minority populated community’s police it is evident that conflict

Interestingly it has been discovered that studies involving both immigrants and non-immigrants have generally found that Latinas born in the United States were at greater risk. Within the American born group there was a 48.4% rate of victimization in their lifetimes while foreign born Latinas only 22.2% reported physical assault by an intimate partner (Hazen & Soriano, 2007). Studies have also found that there is an association between the age of Latina women and the risk for physical victimization (Kessler, Molnar, Feuer & Appelbaum, 2001; Lown, Vega, 2001; Smith, Thornton, DeVellis, Earp & Coker, 2002). In other studies it has been found that divorced or separated Latina women are more likely to report physical violence and sexual violence than married women are (Coker, Smith, McKeown & King, 2000; Smith, et.al., 2002).

Illegal, Latina immigrant women experiencing domestic violence are highly unlikely to report this violence to law enforcement and are unable take legal action against their husbands. These women live in constant fear of being discovered and deported and consequently are unlikely to view law enforcement as a helpful resource. Immigrant women are more likely experience domestic violence due to a number of factors. Because of their illegal status, these women are more likely to live in poverty which, according to Bergen, means that they are more likely to experience male to female interpersonal violence (Bergen 2005). High in-home stress coupled with the constant fear of being discovered and deported also leads to a higher likelihood of violence (Barnett, Miller-Perrin, Perrin, 2011). Even if these women want to leave their home and take action against their husbands, most are economically dependent on their partners. While the United States has the Violence Against Women Act, or VAWA, which can aid illegal immigrants experiencing domestic violence in obtaining a visa, the fear of deportation keeps many women from seeking aid from social services and law enforcement. The lack of resources and fear ultimately allows domestic violence to perpetuate amidst an already vulnerable, invisible population.

The topic that will be analyzed in this literature review is relationship violence in Hispanics. Specifically, it will be physical and sexual abuse in intimate partners. It is mentioned that Hispanic women are less likely to report or use services available to anybody. The services that are available to them are healthcare and housing. As well as, therapy of any type. Also, Hispanic women are less likely to report abuse (Cho 2012). The reasons for not reporting abuse can vary depending on the legal status or living situation of the person being abused. Some of the reasons can be due to fear, cultural, and language barriers (Chiara, Cuevas, Zadnik 2015). Aside from not reporting abuse there are consequences that come from abuse. There are different effects that women go through depending on the severity of the situation or abuse.

"Relations between the police and minority groups are a continuing problem in many multiracial societies. Surveys consistently document racial differences in perceptions of the police, with minorities more likely than whites to harbor negative views." (Weitzer and Tuch, Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct, 2004)

Many of the victims, as well as abusers, experience same issues that are faced by civilians. Though society looks to law enforcement to intervene in domestic violence situations, law enforcement officers themselves may also be experiencing like situations at home. Law enforcement officers may be abusers as well as victims of domestic violence. It is essential that they receive the same help as civilians receive. It is not something to be ashamed of; it is a serious problem that needs special attention. Abusers show similar signs and causes, as well as victims experience similar abusers and abuse. What is the truth of officer-involved domestic violence?

Over the years it has been brought up that domestic violence is a very serious but also a very preventable crime. It is not the type of crime that is drawn to one class of people. Any person of any social class of either sex of any background and profession such as a doctor, lawyer or a judge can commit an act of domestic violence or can be a victim of it. And children, although they may not get abused, there are in fact effected emotionally by witnessing the abuse going on in the house. However domestic violence committed by those who are in law enforcement seems pretty ironic, but it is very common and has become a very controversial topic that has been researched and examined by professionals about this issue. Domestic violence should not be taken lightly and is inexcusable especially by those of law enforcement who’s job is to protect people from harm. It’s not only unethical but it sets a bad example, and should not be tolerated, especially on more than one offense, those officers should have their badges taken away, or be taken out of active duty at the least. These officers have a great advantage in getting away with these acts of violence because they know their wives will not report it due to a great number of risks. However in situations where the perpetrator are those officers coming back from combat, with serious psychological concerns deserve proper treatment and therapy so that hopefully the domestic violence will be

Domestic Violence is one of the most common crimes that occur, however not all of them being reported. There are many effects and causes to this behavior in law enforcement officers that have been studied by many researchers and doctors, authors, and the media. The victims of domestic violence from law enforcement officers (mostly being women) are affected by this greatly on a higher level than regular women who aren’t married to police officers, as they have much more to lose if such acts were ever reported on their spouses. There are many theoretical causes of domestic violence from law enforcement officers, which effect their victims greatly, making it almost impossible for them to report any offense without some type of consequence of

Domestic violence involves the systematic use of force, threats and intimidation by one partner upon another in order for the dominating partner to have control over the victim. In general, women who are abused physically are often isolated. Their partners tend to control their lives to a great extent as well as verbally degrade them. Even though the Latina women are particularly vulnerable to domestic violence because of their culture, it does not mean that this situation does not exist in other societies. Domestic violence happens in all races, religions and social statuses. It could appear in any family and in order to prevent it, everyone in the society must have knowledge of the problem, and

In the United States, approximately 1.5 million women report some form of intimate partner violence (IPV) each year and of those an estimated 324,000 are pregnant (Deshpande & Lewis-O'Connor, 2013). According to Deshpande and Lewis-O’Connor (2013), IPV is defined as abuse that may be actual or threatened by an intimate partner that can be physical, sexual, psychological, or emotional in nature. It is important for health care providers to realize IPV does not only include physical or sexual abuse but also includes name calling, financial control, constant criticism, and isolating women away from their families and friends (Deshpande & Lewis-O'Connor, 2013; Smith, 2008). There are 3 phases of abuse tension building

Law enforcement officers handle violence, criminal behavior, serving communities, patrolling high crime areas and helping citizen to feel safe in their homes. Domestic violence has force officers to investigate patterns of abusive behavior in sexual situation and domestic violence within homes. Some cultures believe domestic violence to be a natural occurrence and this make it hard for officers to solve and prevent domestic violence. Companies have used local law enforcement to aid them in cases where working involves in these situations at work and there’s a need for police intervention when necessary. I think women are the mostly affected by domestic violence and there’s a need to protect them. In the police department today there are domestic polices to help protect people in violent situations. Police Department conducts background checks and they search for anyone involved in domestic violence, abuse to a child, neglect of a minor and any other possible past or existing court cases that could be related to these incidents. The two things for all officers to do are to protect and serve the people. The combination of these agencies gives our nation a good feeling of what freedom is all about. Since they work hand and hand training has to be at the top of their list to improve their skills with good intelligence and proper monitoring systems. Both of these agencies collect and analyze data to be able to infiltrate groups to take