Effects Of Exposure On Tobacco Smoke

The relationship between maternal smoking and fetal development shows that smoking raises the risk of early miscarriage and stillbirth. In the early stages of fetal development, cigarette smoke may cause genetic damage to the unborn baby. Smoking can change the lining of the uterus making it harder for the implantation of the fertilized egg. The dangerous chemicals found in cigarettes can cause a mother’s placenta to separate from the womb at a premature time. Smoking later in pregnancy appears to decrease the placenta’s ability to deliver nutrients to a developing baby. Some evidence even indicates that heavy smoking by

In another study, Conklin’s group exposed e-cig vapors to mice. Conklin and his group found out that when a person is exposed to e-cig vapors, there is a buildup of plaque in the arteries and blood vessels. Zelikoff’s group exposed pregnant mice to e-cig vapors. All this data concludes that vaping may threaten the brain, gene immunity, and gene-activity. A second piece of evidence from research shows that when male mice are exposed to nicotine-laced vapors, they show no change in gene-activity.When female mice are exposed to vapors laced with nicotine, it altered the activity levels of 148 genes in the brain frontal cortex. But among rodents exposed to vapors free of nicotine, a whopping 830 or more genes in the frontal cortex show substantially altered activity. That activity was either much higher or lower than in unexposed mice. Most of the time , over-or under-activity of genes is not considered healthy. Both females and males were about equally affected. “We were so surprised” said

According to the Center for Disease Control, (CDC) there are toxic chemicals in cigarettes that “affect the brain in ways that interfere with its regulation of infants' breathing” (CDC, 2010). Autopsy reports also show “higher concentrations of nicotine in their lungs and higher levels of cotinine (a biological marker for secondhand smoke exposure) than infants who die from other causes” (CDC, 2010).

Smoking is the number one preventable risk and cause of disease and death. Tobacco kills more people than car crashes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and alcohol, drugs, suicides and murders combined, and effects smokers and nonsmokers alike. A nonsmoker on average lives 13 to 14 years longer than a smoker does. Although we have made strides in reducing the prevalence of smoking in the country, it is still an important problem that continues to cause morbidity and mortality. Secondhand smoke exposure also affects nonsmokers and causes lung cancer. When children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, mostly in the predominant location of the home, smoking increases their incidence of asthma, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), ear infections, and respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.

The relationship between maternal smoking and fetal development shows that smoking raises the risk of early miscarriage and stillbirth. In the early stages of fetal development, cigarette smoke may cause genetic damage to the unborn baby. Smoking can change the lining of the uterus making it harder for the implantation of the fertilized egg. The dangerous chemicals found in cigarettes can cause a mother’s placenta to separate from the womb at a premature time. Smoking later in pregnancy appears to decrease the placenta’s ability to deliver nutrients to a developing baby. Some evidence even indicates that heavy smoking by

Among the many environmental factors that can affect infant learning, prenatal cigarette exposure has proven to be a topic of interest in behavioral teratology due to the large number of health effects it is associated with. Some of the health effects of prenatal cigarette exposure include: lower birth weight, smaller head circumference, lower IQ, attention dysfunction, hyperactivity and other conduct problems, as well as school failure (Mezzacappa, E., 2011, p. 881-891). There are some human studies that investigate the cognitive deficits related to prenatal cigarette exposure which include: auditory, visual attention, and working memory issues.

Brain cancer is one of the dangerous cancer types that cause rapid deterioration of health and death. Smoking in young women is increasing as a trend and it requires a coordinated approach. The women should be made aware of the consequences of smoking on their immediate health as well as the long term effects on them and their children. The smoking women are prone to numerous cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, lungs, and respiratory issues. According to Zheng, Cantor, Zhang, Chiu, and Lynch (2001) even there is minimal evidence that there is a direct link of smoking and brain cancer however the intake of N-nitroso compounds can cause brain cancer. The tobacco intake through various methods including smoking causes various health issues.

Previous research displays vast implications regarding the effect of tobacco on neonates. Some effects of prenatal tobacco exposure include, low birth weight, reduction in body length and head size, greater risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disruption in the normal development of neuronal reactivity, reduced sensitivity to auditory stimuli, reduction in visual attentive skills, and withdrawal behaviors.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is associated with numerous adverse outcomes in offspring, such as cognitive problems (Batty et al. 2006; Gilman et al. 2008a, b) and criminal behavior (D’Onofrio et al. 2010a, b; Brennan et al. 2002; Wakschlag et al. 2002). These associations are often attributed to the causal effects of teratogenic insults on the developing offspring (for reviews, see Wakschlag et al. 2002; Cornelius and Day 2009). Several lines of evidence support this causal inference, as animal models have suggested neural mechanisms (e.g., interference with cell proliferation and growth; Guerri 1998) by which neurodevelopmental effects may occur (Nordberg et al. 1991); dose-dependent effects have been found in which greater

The article, Effect of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring's Cognitive Ability: Empirical Evidence for Complete Confounding in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth , written by three gentlemen: G. David Batty, Geoff Der and, Ian J. Deary addressed the impact on prenatal health by mothers that smoke cigarettes and the impact on infant development through young adulthood. There were numerous studies that reported maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy related to lower IQ scores in offspring. Prenatal development stages are three stages of about 36 weeks, during this time the mothers that were smoking lead to major structural abnormalities. Smoking tobacco can have serious consequences, such as miscarriage, prematurity,

Pregnant women who stop smoking and drinking after being pregnant at lower risk for adverse fetal outcomes. Smoking and alcohol cessation in early stage of pregnancy related to the decrease risk of child development, however no any specific malformations and developmental problems are mentioned. Tettamanti, et al, (2016) say that smoking in pregnancy associated with various adverse impediments as restricted fetal growth and development, premature birth and also shows long term results on child health and development. Some studies show very little evidence for association between childhood brain tumor and maternal smoking, whereas some earlier ones suggest no any relationship between both. Presence of carcinogens and metabolites of tobacco in tissues of placenta and umbilical cord of baby of those pregnant women who exposed to smoking. Because of this smoking during pregnancy consider as a probable reason for developing CBT. Findings in this study were quite interesting, they found very scarce or no any effect on CBT but also found positive relation between heavy exposure to smoking and all type of CBT, altogether in age group of 5-9 years old male children, and no relationship between female children. Mainly increased risk for development of astrocytoma among 5-9, year-old children whose mothers were exposed to

The impact on neurodevelopment that in utero environmental smoke exposure has is considerably less understood than the effects of tobacco smoke exposure, therefore, the impact that prolonged coal smoke exposure had on fetuses during the Hazelwood coalmine fire is not well known. While, it is often desirable to expose animal models to environmentally relevant doses of various pollutants providing an accurate risk assessment, high doses are often required to determine the effects of exceptionally high doses (14), such as in this case, following the Hazelwood coalmine fire. From the results of this study, it is evident that exposure to coal smoke particles, during gestation, does have an effect on brain development, in that neuronal and microglial cell numbers are lowered, but microglial activation is enhanced. These findings coincide with various animal studies conducted on PAH exposure directly and may be correlated to findings from analyses on children following environmental PAH exposure in various countries. Conversely, these results digress in that the effects observed here were only in the cortex, not the hippocampus as found by other studies. These findings, however, may be related to behavioural and cognitive defects that are observed later in life following prenatal PAH exposure.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental toxic compounds with fused aromatic rings, formed from incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials such as coal and fossil fuels, cigarette smoking, and food cooking.1,2 Non-occupational exposure routes of PAHs include: inhalation airborne PAHs such as polluted air or cigarette smoking, ingestion of PAH-containing food such as charred and broiled meat, as well as dermal absorption.3,4 PAHs can bioaccumulate through the food chain because of its nature of resistant to degradation.5 The adverse health effects of PAHs have been widely studied recently mainly focusing on increasing risks of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and a variety of cancers, including respiratory, renal, and breast cancers.6-15 Recently, several studies suggested an association between ambient air pollution and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and ambient fine particulate matter (PM) may induce insulin resistance.16-21 Since air pollution as well as smoking and red meat consumption were consistently linked to cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes,22,23 and all of them are important exposure sources of PAHs, it’s biologically plausible that PAHs may play important roles in the relationship between cigarette smoking, ambient air pollution and cardiometabolic diseases.

Tobacco; one of the most profitable products in history, an addictive substance, and a deadly killer. Smoking tobacco used to be a thing that was endorsed in American society. Now, with the new medical advances and knowledge, society has seen the side effects of smoking and how fatal it actually is. Teenagers have been one of the largest age groups that have been affected by smoking. After analyzing all possible reasons as to why teenagers would smoke while knowing it can affect their health, three possible reasons stuck out the most. Teenagers smoke despite knowing the health problems that originate from smoking because of peer pressure, an “invincibility” mentality, and seeing a role model or family member smoke.

It is widely understood that cigarette smoking carries many serious health risks, especially for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension (Rahman et al. 2007). Studies have shown that cigarettes release over 4000 different chemicals, all of which can wreak havoc on the every organ of the human body, especially the cardiovascular and pulmonary system, when inhaled (Jonas et al., 1992; Sin and Man 2003). Over 200 people die every day from complications due to cigarette smoking in the United States alone, and smoking cigarettes causes an estimated 76% of all vascular disease (Czermin and Waldherr, 2003; Cole et al., 1993). It therefore stands to reason that cigarette smoking and how it specifically effects the human body would be an extremely relevant area of study.