Effects Of Fusion Plasmas

The main difficulty in a fusion reaction is the heat needed for it to occur. A reaction such as fusion that requires an intense amount of heat is called a thermonuclear reaction. It commonly takes place in huge machines called tokamaks. It can only occur in a special form of matter called plasma, a gas made up of free electrons and nuclei. When this plasma is heated millions of degrees, the nuclei move so fast that they fuse. The problem is in finding a container that can hold this extremely hot plasma.

Fusion centers will contribute to state, local, and federal law enforcement agencies in many different ways. The main contribution is the coordination of all agencies exchanging real time information, packaged up and sent out to the individuals on the street. That information can now be accessed by anyone working a particular case. In turn this information can help to resolve a potential crime before it happens or help to apprehend a potential suspect.

This source will be used to introduce one of the current theories attempting to explain how the EmDrive produces thrust. The article also addresses the lack of scientific explanation which will help to prove my own credibility in the report as I address a multitude of theories. Because the article was published recently I will likely introduce this source last.

Fusion Center was established as the bridge between federal, state and local law enforcement. The need for information sharing among federal, state and local enforcement was established after September 11 attack. Fusion Centers " primary goals are maintaining situational awareness with the state and region, identifying and anticipating both criminal and non criminal threats, and facilitating interagency communication and coordination activities based on these assessment. The analysis and use of the information and intelligence lies at the heart of their activities or should enabling the organization to better define and achieve their varied goals"(Joyal, 2012). Fusion center plays a vital role in enabling effective communication of locally

1. Christian, Eric. (2012, May 10). Nucleosynthesis. Retrieved from http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html 2. May, Sandra. (2015, Sept 16)

Gamma radiation is also a possible byproduct from a fusion reactor. However, the amount of gamma rays produced will be noticeably less than the amount of x-rays produced and anything that is sufficient enough to shield from x-rays will be more than enough to shield from gamma rays.

Figure 3.2 was created using modified code from the Eagle Space Flight Team. The modified code is not included in Appendix I because it contains many sub functions and would make the length of this lab longer than 20 pages. The code is available upon request by emailing Carl Leake at leakec@my.erau.edu.

While determining which of the three collisions (stick together, magnetic and explosion) were most elastic and inelastic, we found that we were not going to find one-hundred percent conservation throughout this experiment. With respect to momentum, we found that all of our collisions conserve momentum relatively well, with our highest percent error of 22 percent on the Head-on stick together collision. Though we were unable to calculate a percent error on the explosion collision, we can accurately conclude that the head-on magnets collision had the best conservation of momentum as we had a percent efficiency of 91 percent. When observing conservation of energy in this experiment, we did not have nearly the same results as we did in the conservation of momentum. Once again the magnet head-on collision came out on top with being able to conserve the most, this time with respect to the collision that conserves the most energy.

(B) Single video frame illustrating a characteristic mosh pit with overlaid velocity field. (C) Speed probability distri- bution function (PDF) for the movie in (B) (circles), the best fit to the 2D Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution (solid), and simulated speed distribution (squares). (D) Simulated phase diagram plotting the MASHer RMS angular momen- tum, demonstrating the existence of mosh pits (gas) and circle pits (vortices). (E) Single video frame illustrating a charac- teristic circle pit with overlaid velocity field.

Franklin Chang Diaz created improved versions of the Variable Specific Magnetoplasma Rocket(VASIMR). The VASIMR rocket engine turns argon, xenon, or hydrogen into superheated plasma. It does this by first ionizing it, knocking an electron loose from each gas atom with a Helicon coupler. Then, using an Ion Cyclotron Heating (ICH) coupler, it heats plasma to temperatures at about the temperature in the Sun’s core(9,999,726.85℃). The ICH coupler

The outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is created by magnetic fields. When the fields close, the confined solar atmosphere can suddenly violently release bubbles of gas and magnetic fields. A coronal mass ejection can contain a billion tons of matter that can move at millions of miles per hour (Solar). Solar energetic particles are released by shocks at the front of Coronal mass ejections and solar flares. When a coronal mass ejection flows through the solar wind, high velocity solar energetic particles are produced. They are charged so they follow the magnetic lines between the Sun and Earth (Solar).

Since the electrons are stripped from the atoms in a plasma, all that remains is the positively charged nucleus, which can be acted on by magnetic fields. In magnetic confinement reactors, so-called magnetic bottles are created with magnetic fields that confine the plasma. In experiments, however, plasmas can only be contained for a few seconds before their oscilations cause them to come into contact with the walls of the reactor. The biggest problem in controlling plasmas with magnetic confinement is their chaotic behaivior. With continuing research, longer containment times are being recorded.

For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice

The transport properties such as electrical conductivity of warm or hot dense plasma are pivotal in high energy density physics, especially in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1–4 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) In particular, hydrogen and its isotopes play key roles in many fields. For example, deuterium and tritium fuel is compressed from cold dense matter to hot dense plasma in ICF, where the transport property is a fundamental parameter for achieving ignition. Besides, hydrogen is one of the most components of Jupiter-like planets or solar interior, whose transport property is dominated for the evolution of planets and stars. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 5–8 (--

In tokamaks, the inverted density profile (i.e., a radially increasing density profile) appears in association with the pellet injection for core fueling (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1–3 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) or control of the edge localized mode (ELM). (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 4 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) In several devices, the pellet injection has been known to induce a high-confinement mode (H-mode). (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 5–8 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) Actually, the inverted density profile sometimes appears spontaneously during the low to high confinement mode transition. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 9 (-- removed