Effects of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production

Ectothermic animals are animals whose body temperature is affected by their surroundings. This means that if the environment is cold the animal will be cold. If the environment is warm the animal will be warm. This is because the animal doesn’t have the capability of regulating its body systems to keep a constant body temperature. When an ectothermic animal is cold, its heart rate will lower. When the animal is warmer, the heart rate will raise – as long as the temperature isn’t sufficiently high to harm the animal. (Campbell, 2005)

Body temperature is maintained within a fairly regular range by the hypothalamus that is found in the brain. The hypothalamus

8. Thermoregulation is to regulate temperature. The hypothalamus sends signals to the blood vessels, muscles, and/or sweat glands to alter the temperature of the human body when needed. You should always keep your body at a steady temperature.

The purpose of this lab is to analysis goldfish an ectothermic animal affect toward different temperature ranges. The reactions toward the temperatures are taken upon the term of homeostasis, which is regulation for organisms to maintain a steady state while adapting to the conditions that are favorable for survival (Encyclopedia Britannica). In order to achieve a successful homeostasis, many animals use different methods of thermoregulation, which helps maintain the internal temperature of animals. Many methods vary whether the organisms is an endotherm or ectoderm. An endotherm, which includes mammals and birds, is a warm-blooded animal, which maintains a constant body temperature not influenced by the environment (Britannica).

Including human, most mammals and birds are homeotherm, whose body temperature maintains relatively constant,

Somewhat more precise descriptions can be made by using the terms poikilothermic and homoiothermic. The body temperature of poikllotherms is relatively variable, while that of homeotherms is relatively constant.

Countercurrent heat exchanger in the paws (anatomical/physiological) - Along with many other animals including domestic dogs, there is a mechanism in the paws of arctic wolves that keeps them at a lower temperature than the body core so minimizing heat loss via this extremity that is in contact with the ground. Blood entering the paws is used to heat up blood that is leaving, this prevents the core from being cooled by heat loss at the extremities. Similar mechanisms are also found in the feet of birds such as ducks and penguins.

Climate affected many aspects of civilization such as the plants that grow in a specific region. The inhabitants of eurasia had access to wheat and other plants that could be domesticated for food. These foods were high in protein and nutrients

Everyday, the environment around us is changing. Some places are drastically changing and it is affecting animals and other life around it. A lot of the environmental changes are caused by the weather changing. These changes can cause animals to struggle in everyday tasks like finding food to eat.

Thermoregulation is a process by which the body temperature is controlled and maintained within a range that enables the organism to function efficiently when variations occur in the temperature of the surrounding environment. This is important to ensure that the blood flowing through vital organs like the brain and the heart are kept at an ideal and constant temperature (Homeostasis, n.d.). In this lab, mealworms are used. Although referred to as a “mealworm”, it is not a worm but instead the larvae of the darkling beetle species called Tenebrio molitor (Gomez, n.d.; Tenebrio molitor, n.d.). Usually, the heat generated from cellular metabolism determines body temperature, but mealworms are ectotherms, which are organisms that depend mostly

"We call them dumb animals, and so they are, for they cannot tell us how they feel, but they do not suffer less because they have no words” (Anna Sewell). There is undeniable evidence that animals are being affected by climate change. Even though the effects are difficult to measure, there are many different ways animals are being affected. With the loss of predator and prey species it affects the life cycles in the food chain. The earth’s climate change causes habitats such as snow, ice, or forest areas to alter, resulting in loss of habitat and food accessibility as well as causing extinction.

The body must maintain a constant state of equality called homeostasis so that our body will operate at its max potential. The definition for homeostasis is “The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback control, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions.” (Biology-Online) So basically an organism tries to no matter its external conditions maintain the optimal internal conditions so that its internals don't take damage from the temperature and will remain at the normal and expected operating temperature.To do this the animal must consume energy from inside its body so that it can perform the act of maintaining homeostasis. This energy most often comes from

Drought is another factor of climate change that causes severe damages to agriculture and livestock. The effects of drought on agricultural production and livestock holding can be a detrimental issue and result in quality dissatisfaction of products. The agricultural industry can be affected by drought both economically and environmentally. The economical effects of drought on crops and animals can lead to the loss of money and time. When droughts occur farmers lose money because they will have to spend more money earned from their

Introduction Babesia parasites are obligate intraerythrocytic protozoa capable of invading a wide range of vertebrate hosts, subsequently leading to serious economic problems for the livestock industry throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Homer et al., 2000; Uilenberg, 2006). Bovine babesiosis is mainly caused by two species of bovine intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. Infected animals in an acute stage have symptoms of fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and sometimes resulting in death. In contrast, those in chronic stages may become chronic carriers without clinical signs. Human and rodent babesiosis caused by Babesia microti has emerged as a life-threatening zoonosis in the world (Kjemtrup and Conrad, 2000).

An efficient management of cattle will be incomplete without a well-planned and adequate housing of cattle. Improper planning in the arrangement of animal housing may result in additional labour charges and that curtail the profit of the owner. During erection of a house for dairy cattle, care should be taken to provide comfortable accommodation for an individual cow. No less important is the proper sanitation, durability, and efficient arrangement plan for the stalls and production of clean milk under convenient and economic conditions, etc. (TNAU, 2009)