Why Might Having More Folding Have Been Important To Einstein's Brain

* White matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system, and it consists of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another as well as in between the cerebrum and lower brain centers. Grey matter contains neural cell bodies. Unlike white matter, it is mostly made up of myelinated axon tracts. Tracts are bundles of fibers that connect to different parts of the CNS. Roots receive information sent by neurons. Spinal nerves refer to a mixture of spinal nerves, which carry

6.The fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse is the myelin.

The central nervous system (CNS) comprises grey matter, which contains neuron cell bodies and white matter, which contains the nerve axons. Most of the nerve axons are concentrically wrapped around by lipid-rich biological membrane, known as the myelin sheath. In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocyte. a type of glial cell. (Pfeiffer et al., 1993). These electrical insulating, multilamellar membranes significantly increase the electrical resistance, in which to prevent leakage of electrical currents from the axons, as well as decrease electrical capacitance to reduce the ability of the axons to store electrical energy (Shivane &

A. Which of the four major areas of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum and brain stem) was obviously much larger in the human brain in the diagram than in the sheep brain? Why do these structures differ so dramatically?

The brain is one of the most complex, unknown organs of the human body. Researchers often break down the characteristics of the brain to whether tendencies are achieved through nurtured environments or the inheritability of genetics. Intelligence is one of the most controversial topics when it comes to deciding whether environment or genetics are most influential. Many argue that intelligence is based on environmental factors and the unique ability to work hard, but fail to realize the essential cognitive qualities concerning what truly defines intelligence. Although some may consider this trait as based on environment, intelligence is a cognitive attribute established by the nature of genetics.

10.Astrocyte most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cell. They support and brace neurons, anchor neuron to

b.) What is the role of cortical brain regions (i.e., cerebellum, the anterior cingulate cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the right frontal operculum)

VII) Describe how the shape of the thalamus and brainstem reflect the presence of impinging cortical structures along the antero-posterior axis. Describe the difference between sheep and human brains.

The proof I have behind these questions lies in microscopic images of the brain cell

Chapter two begins to go in depth about how the brain works and what makes a human tick . It amazes me that an average person could have up to one hundred billion neurons. Chapter two gives insight on the early discoveries of neurons, and the doubt that the brain is composed of individual cells. The discovery was made by Santiago Ramón y Cajal using a newly developed staining technique to show that a small gap separates the tips of one neuron's fibers from the surface of the next neuron thus proving that the brain is similar to the rest of the body in that is contains individual cells. Neurons share common characteristics with animal cells but more look like a spider web network all interlinking, keeping in mind there are around one hundred

When I finish reading chapter two, I got many ideas about the brain, and I quickly thought about how Albert Einstein’s brain is different from other’s brain. Many scientists explained that Albert Einstein’s brain is different from other’s brain because he had a killer corpus callosum, which is a large bundle of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres to each other, and its function is to keep each sides of the brain informed about what the other half is doing. Some other scientists believe that because his corpus callosum was thicker in the vast majority of sub regions than the corresponding sections in the two controls. But in the new discoveries about the brain, brain researchers have studied nerve cells, whose long, interconnected

Glial cells are the most numerous cells in the brain, outnumbering neurons nearly 3:1, although smaller and some lacking axonal and dendritic projections. Once thought to play a subpar role to neurons, glial cells are now recognized as responsible for much greater functions. There are many types of glial cells, including: oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the CNS, by wrapping themselves around the axons of neurons. Their PNS counterpart, Schwann cells, are also considered glial cells. This sheath insulates the axon and increases the speed of transmission, analogous to the coating on electrical wires. Microglia are considered to be “immune system-like”; removing viruses, fungi, and other wastes that are present. Astrocytes, however, are considered to be the most prominent. Their functions span throughout the brain, including, but not limited to: the synchronization of axonal transmission via G-protein-coupled receptors, blood flow regulation via the dilation of blood vessels, and the performance of reactive gliosis in conjunction with microglia. Both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes develop from neuroepithelial cells. Other types of glial cells include Radial glia, which direct immature neuron migration during development.

Glial cells deliver neuroactive molecules and adjust synaptic transmission through modifications in ion channels, gap junctions, receptors, and transporters (4). Shape and function of glial cells change considerably in various kinds of epilepsy. Dysregulation of water and ion channel expression, variations in secretion of neuroactive molecules, and increased activation of inflammatory pathways as well as reactive gliosis Morphologic changes include (4). It has been suggested that epilepsy has an astrocytic origin (8). Prolonged neuronal depolarization and epileptiform discharges are resulted from direct stimulation of astrocytes (9) .

Human brain consists of billions of cells interconnected together, with each performing its separate functions. It consists of two explicit categories of nerves: neurons and glia cells. Neuron is a single nerve cell in the entire nervous system; which is electrically excitable cell that carries information after being processed via chemical or electrical signals. One of its key characteristics is that it does not undergo cell division. In addition, it maintains a voltage gradient for all the neurons across its membranes. Glia cells, on the other hand, its functionality is to maintain homeostasis.

Conversely, other scientists disagree that brain size alone is the sole indicator of intelligence, preferring instead, the theory that the answers lay in the brains synapses and the way information is exchanged and gene duplication (DNews, 2015).