Elastic Energy Storage in the Shoulder and the Evolution of High Speed Throuwing in Homo

The overarm throw is a skill frequently used in a wide range of sports such as cricket,softball and baseball. The action is also used in athletic activities such as javelin, with the overhead serve and smash in tennis, volleyball and badminton and passing a netball and basketball.An overarm throw is the action of the arm swinging backwards then upwards, as the elbow moves close to ear level, leading the throw forward a step is taken with the foot opposite the throwing arm, during the throw, body rotates to face forward and body weight transfers from back to front foot, the elbow then

Humerus, Radius, Ulana (arms): To support your wrist and fingers when hitting the ball, it also provides power when hitting the ball.

Bocce ball is a great way to demonstrate the complex wonders of Newton’s three laws in a simple and understandable way. Bocce ball, which was first documented in the year 5200 B.C., is a sport that was first popularized during the roman empire. It wasn’t more than just a leisurely activity until the game found its way back into Italy, once the Roman empire collapsed. Bocce ball was steadily rising and falling in popularity, until a major resurgence in 1896, when it was admitted an olympic sport, and has been part of the summer olympics ever since. Bocce has really become such a widespread sport because you can participate no matter how old, what your race is, or what gender you are. All you need to do is roll a ball. America seemed very separated from the game until a sweep of popularity in California in 1989. Today there is said to be 25,000,000 bocce ball players in the United States. Many aspects of the game of Bocce ball can be relatable to the simple concepts of Newton’s original three laws, from the balls hitting each other (Newton’s third law), to throwing balls harder to increase the force and then slowing down (Newton’s first and second laws). Throughout this essay, I will not only explain what each of Newton’s three laws mean, but provide a real life example of how it could relate to the game of bocce ball.

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint which allows it a flexion and extension motion.

When absorbing ground reaction forces during physical activity, rather than using the muscular prime movers of the lower extremity, females act on the use of bony configuration and articular cartilage and ligaments to absorb these forces (4). Newton’s third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In any action of sports whether a soccer player makes a cut on the field, or a basketball player lands from grabbing a rebound, the reaction force is actually greater than an

Flexion is the movement which decreases the angle between bones at a joint. The knee must be flexed for balance and momentum. This is done by lowering the gluteus maximus as it allows the knee to create this necessary movement. The elbow and wrists also need to be flexed to act on the pressure of the ball. The movement of extension is where the angle between bones at a joint is increased. Examples of this movement in a free throw are straightening the knee as you begin to release the ball and straightening the elbow when the ball is released. This follows with pronation which is when the hand and forearm rotate, making the palm face downwards. For example, when the ball is held by the palm and then is transferred off the palm in an upwards movement. This forces the wrist to flick in a downward

Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 05 June 2015. Web. 02 Sept. 2017. "discus throwing.

The arms act as a counter to the force the body exerts while running (Elftman, 1939). During the research the main objective was to see if the participants would be able to increase their time to complete a forty-yard dash by changing their running form. Knowing that arm swinging is an essential factor to propelling oneself forward, the experimental variable is to eliminate the arms movement. In one study, it was found that a human’s arms make up ten percent of a person’s total weight, so it is believed to use up ten percent of a person’s energy while running. (Hutchinson, 2014) A study performed at the University of Colorado found that arm swinging reduces the metabolic cost for human running (Arellano and Kram, 2014). During the experiment, to observe a change in time with each running form, each participant will have each running form time. To ensure that fatigue is not a limiting factor, the subjects will be randomly selected to do the experimental form over to measure the times accurately. Since arm swinging is said to be biomechanical, it is hypothesized that if running in a form with the participants moving their arms and running naturally, then a more efficient and hastier speed time will be

Especially with throwing since it is very difficult to breakdown with the naked eye, it is important to record what the child is doing to make adjustments with his/her throw. “The developmental sequence is formed by ordering each locomotor skill according to its initial appearance in the movement repertoire. For throwing, the two tasks are compared to see where participants are located within a component developmental sequence at the same point in time in each skill” (Capio 2013). Ballistic movements are crazy! When first watched, these particular movements seem simple but when broken down to each movement of the body it is very difficult to master. Just think back when you were a young child, how many times did you fall down trying to walk, run or jump? Probably thousands or even millions! “Ballistic movements that are rapid, all-out, forceful movements that reach peak acceleration within milliseconds of their initiation” (). With each body part having its own task, we develop from one to the other. Giving our body energy from one limb to the next, allowing our body to complete the task at

The last testing is biomechanics; it is the science of explaining how and why the human body moves in the way that it does (BASES, D.u.). This section of the essay will involve looking into how the athlete performs a skill; going into detail about how they perform a particular skill and what position they get into when performing the skill. This is important for athletes because they could be performing a skill wrong which could lead to an injury, also by an athlete learning the correct technique, they could improve and find it easier to perform a skill.

Balance is the most important of the three techniques in throwing. Balance is determined by one’s stance. A wider stance with feet roughly shoulder width apart and one foot, the foot designated by the throwing arm, back. One must keep their center of balance lower than when walking or running.Without the proper stance falling is imminent. Balance is also important because without balance your throw will not be straight. But balance alone does not a thrower make, Power is rather important as well.

More precisely, when they began the research, there were basically two questions they wanted to find out. One of them was to explore the reason humans were so remarkably great at throwing, while every

In this paper, I introduce a report about the effects on kinematics and electromyographic activity of the scapular waist in young competitive swimmers before and after performing a maximum effort test simulating the sporting gesture. This is significant because of the high number of injuries that swimming athletes present in the shoulder joint. Understanding how the biomechanics of the scapular waist joint behaves

Two questions were analyzed and discussed in the paper, the first one concerning whether the same set of muscle synergies can explain the different phases of jumping movement with various velocities.

It was also reported that elite female basketball guards had greater mesomorphy than centers and less ectomorphy than forwards or centers [11]. However, the arm anthropometric study of the basketball players remains largely unreported. The aim of the study was to evaluate the arm anthropometric characteristics in Indian inter-university basketball players and the correlations among the characteristics studied. In order to evaluate the physical characteristics of the hand, the grip strength was chosen as one of the indicators of hand functions. In fact, in case of any overhead game, extensor as well as flexor muscles of the arm and the hand have considerable influence on the success. Another objective of the study was to search the correlation of handgrip strength with the arm anthropometric characteristics studied.