The Power of the Question: Electoral Security and MP Engagement in the Anti-Discrimination Debate
Abstract: Why do politicians choose to address issues related to the fundamental right of protection against discrimination? This study uses a database of 95,500 parliamentary questions (PQs) tabled by U.K. Members of Parliament (MPs) between 2013-15. Based on the results of a series of multi-variate models, it was found that the competitiveness of a MPs district is what determines whether or not they raise discrimination related issues. Those MPs in more secure seats are more likely to raise these issues for two reasons. Firstly, because they tend to be either more contentious issues, or secondly because they tend to be less salient for the
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Discrimination is a violation of a person’s human rights (Thornberry & Estebanez 2002, 7-13; UDHR Preamble). To be clear, the violation of a person’s rights through discrimination is a violation of their human rights. International norms and legal standards are collectively agreed that all people are entitled to equal dignity and equal rights. Both the United Nations (UN) Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDNR) set clear standards of the fundamental freedoms that should be provided to every person. These rights include protection against discrimination by “race, sex, language, or religion” (Thornberry & Estebanez 2002, 12; UN Charter Article 1). Even in established democracies, a place many would be surprised to find, discrimination presents itself (Hunt 2015, 12-3). Why is discrimination so prevalent? Many countries see human rights as an international standard coming from outside their borders and therefore the state does not need to enforce them (Anker & Posner 1981-82; Hunt 2015). This coming from outside, dictated by international actors, is the lynch pin. Critics of these international norms and legal standards argue that since domestic policy makers had no role in determining these standards they should not be made responsible for implementing these rights protections (Anker & Posner 1981-82). Further, because
Brzuzy (1998) have suggested that the implementation and portrayal public policy to alleviate prejudice “can set a national tone and put in place parameters of acceptable behavior… also opens right and privileges to preciously excluded groups and can increase opportunities and resources”. Yet, it has been said that there is a limited evidence of if the anti-discrimination legislation is effective or not. (Lazear, 1991) There is a tendency to think that the legislation is stable, however, the legislation does change as it depends on the environmental and the political conditions.
‘Voting behaviour at UK elections is determined more by issues of personality and image than on the basis of policies or performance in office’. Discuss.
Generally speaking, discrimination is rooted in within the “cultural fabric of the United States” along the lines of “housing, employment, health, and the criminal justice system” (Camara & Orbe, 2011). Hecht (1998) describes the term, “discrimination involves the power and capacity to act followed by actual selective/targeted action against someone else emanating from one’s
The fight against racial discrimination in the America has continued, it may be said that the struggle has become particularly difficult in the 21st century. The laws and policies claim that only few forms of discriminations remain, in reality, racial discrimination is still existent in the US, it has continued to hinder the enjoyment of fundamental human rights by many individuals who belong to the minor racial and ethnic groups (Alexander, 2013). According to studies, racism and racial discrimination have deeply and lastingly influenced
Discrimination is an unjustified, inexcusable crime against people of a different race. Most importantly, commonly discriminated races are discouraged and commonly stereotyped as negative people and are overall expected to be failures. This is why the percentage of white homeowners is 73%, while in second place is only 47% for Latino homeowners. “Those who failed were ceremonially accepted by other Indians and appropriately pitied by non-Indians.” Additionally, people who impose these ideals onto society split it up even further, dividing people who are accepting of others, and those who are not. This can apply to many subjects other than race, such as sexual identity, sexual preference, religion, and more. While it is understandable that some
Discrimination, while highly troubling and disruptive to social progress, has been in practice for centuries. From biblical eras, when at one point Jews were held as prisoners under the law of the Pharaoh, to more modern times concerning issues with race and other differences such as today’s fight for same-sex marriage approval, there have always been issues presented in society resulting from the many dissimilarities found amongst the appearances, behavior, beliefs, et cetera of the public. As history has shown time and time again, it is simply not acceptable for discrimination to have a role in the happenings of current times. Gone now are the days where minorities would sit back and accept the unfair treatment that society would press their way. The public is much more aware of the rights that are afforded to them from birth by the terms of the Declaration and Constitution. Rather than accept any injustices thrown its way, society has grown to rely on the government as a figurehead to step in and prevent any unfair treatment geared towards the People. It has become an expected happening that concerning any major issues on the grounds of discrimination, whether on a local, state, or federal level, the government is responsible for creating and enforcing policies that protect those affected from unfair treatment. Before implementing or changing a policy onto the public, officials are expected to weigh each idea thoroughly as to identify the consequences of its placement,
A very British problem is that of class and education which is not resigned to the past but is still an issue in representation. In Parliament MPs are predominantly middle-class with over four-fifths having a business or professional background. The manual working class is severely misrepresented in Parliament, even in the Labour Party, the main party traditionally most associated with the working class. In terms of education this is also a contrast between the larger society and Parliament, with more MPs being graduates and more having attended private school, especially in the Conservative party.
Discrimination has been around for centuries. According to Webster’s dictionary (2016), Discrimination is the practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people. Race, gender, age, and sexual orientation can all be reasons as to why individuals experiences discrimination, as well as a person’s national origin, weight, and religion. Discrimination has caused enormous suffering across history. In today’s society discrimination still exists, it is far less prevalent however it remains in certain areas, such as the labor market.
In fact, it is just about treating people differently because of their race, background, religion, etc. (Wilkinson, 2017). This type of racism can also reflect the way that social institutions operate by the denial of fair and equitable treatment to a group of people. The society in this instance is already structured to perpetuate racism through already formed ideas and assumptions of the level of knowledge and capacities of some groups of people should possess and this consequently inform how the policies, programs or institutional practices are developed (Satzewich & Liodakis, 2013). Even though we are meant to believe that everyone is equal before the law but the fact remains that the visible minorities do not think so all because of the discrimination the face everyday. Another example is about my husband and the issue of getting a good job in Canada. He is a master degree holder from Australian university and has over 15 years work experience with a multinational company but couldn’t get a good job because he doesn’t have Canadian work experience while others told him that he was over-qualified for their kind of jobs. Most of the interviews he attended started with the question of how long he has been in Canada and where he has worked in Canada before now. Although he has finally gotten a job but they placed him at the lowest level in the company. He accepted the job because as he said one has to pay his
The world has made great strides towards upholding equality in different factions of the community. However, declaring that discrimination has been eradicated from the society would be incorrect, as it can still be observed in the foundations of the modern world. A look into the history of America shows that a significant aspect of the nation was built on the notions of segregation and the oppression of various people based on race and gender. Back then, discrimination was outright and the law proudly upheld it with only few people standing up against the concept and its associated practices. Today, years after cultural evolution, any form of inequality is frowned upon. However, there still exist some fundamental forces in current systems that
The topic of discrimination is one that has been a prominent issue all throughout history. Humans are rather known for taking all of the fear, mistrust, and hatred that they experience and act on it in a way that generalizes and segregates them from one another. Furthermore, they allow these feelings to cloud their judgement of right and wrong. One example of this is the Syrian Refugee crisis. Citizens and government officials are denying these refugees help in their time of need due to their misplaced discrimination and overall lack of compassion. Articles from websites such as CBS , CNN, and Newsweek have all taken a stance on what America needs to do for Syria, touching on aspects such as the statistical
In this paper I will discuss what happens when we allow biases and prejudice to affect our actions toward others. I will then conclude my paper with what we can do to prevent or eliminate discrimination.
Discrimination is a very broad word that describes many things, such as sexism and racism, among other things, and it is a problem that persists to this day. Discrimination is highlighted in Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, and in current day media, such as Suzanne Daley and Alissa Rubin’s “French Muslims Say Veil Bans Give Cover to Bias”, “Russia: Anti-LGBT Law a Tool for Discrimination” by multiple authors of the Human Rights Watch, and “28-års Regel Er Åbenlyst Diskriminerende”, which is a Danish article written by an anonymous member of the political debate group. These pieces of evidence show that discrimination has always been a problem, and will always be a problem, because of the difference and lack of understanding of the
The United States of America is a culturally diverse place. There are people from all over the world living in here. There are people from different cultures, people with different religious and moral standards and beliefs, and people from different races and of different ethnicities. There are also people living amongst us that face special circumstances such as being physically or mentally disabled, challenged by a chronic illness or even sexual orientation. Throughout history there have been cases where people have been discriminated against, ostracized and excluded based solely on their race, culture, religion, or disabilities. The American Disabilities Act and Affirmative Action are examples of two
In article 7 it says, “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination”(Article 7 Universal Declaration of Human Rights). In this article of the law of declaration of human rights it says, that everybody has the same rights to protection no matter who they are, what race, what they do, and where they are from. This article is clearly pointing out that people are protected more than other just because of their race, which in article 7 it is unacceptable to do that and people should all have the same protection. This law is extremely important due to the fact that people are being protected more than other and wouldn’t get to feel as safe as the people protected, but instead, everyone should all have the equal amount of