Electricity: Electrical Grids

Historically, this challenge has been tackled through technological innovation, through for example the development of more energy efficient electrical equipment (Yun, et al., 2011).

1. Attention-getting Phase: Most of the world has become completely dependent on electricity. Without it, our modern day comforts would not exist. Electricity is used to light our homes, buildings, and streets. Lights are one of the most pervasive technologies in our homes; it would be difficult to function without them. Unfortunately, most of us overuse or waste electricity, this causes a negative impact on the environment and electricity costs.

Electricity is vital to everyone in the modern day. It has enhanced many aspects of our life to make life easier and efficient. These aspects include communication, entertainment, work, transportation and food. Electricity is produced by a generator in power plants through the process of electrical energy generation. This process goes through chemical combustion, nuclear fission and the kinetic energy of wind and flowing water to fuel heat engines, which primarily drive electromechanical generators to generate the electricity that we all highly have the need for. This huge need for electricity initiates a thriving demand for electricity generation therefore many power plants are desired worldwide.

for coal. Coal is a fossil fuel and is one of the fossil fuels that is burned a lot. As I said

Electricity is part of our daily lives, which makes our lives easier since it has been discovered, but nobody thought about the dangerous consequences we will face, now and in the future. In addition, most people do not know how electricity is produced; they just know how to consume it. Burning coal in giant boilers to generate steam that produces electricity and power other industries. However, the side effects of the use of coal to process energy have caused massive damage to Mother Nature and our environment that is escalating to the next level. This is the destruction of our environment. Electricity is primary conveniences as we continue develop our ways of living. But people must find alternative ways to get power without damaging our environment.

The argument of finding other ways to keep cars on the road, to keep homes heated in the winter, to keep homes cooled in the summer, planes flying, etc. has made people think outside the box; the “what if” factor has been slapped on the table along with a few “can we”, and a couple “of how comes”. For the most part, a lot of the answers are not new they are old with an added twist to revive them; for example, the wind power was being used by early farmers in the 1800s, steam and solar power had been dated back to the ancient Greeks.

In the mid 1800’s two important people were born; those people were Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. The reason these people are important is because those two men would help shape a new age of advancements in technology with their work. Mankind would be changed forever with the work of these men. Electricity is an essential part for everyone in America and for most people around the world. Without electricity the world would begin on a path to downfall, we need electricity to charge our devices, to light up and give power to our house, to keep businesses and stores in business and much more. Without electricity none of

IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems. This document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with electric power systems. It establishes criteria and requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety considerations and maintenance of the interconnection.

Power system is a large electrical network used for generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power. Electrical

Harnessing the power of electricity is the reason behind most of the advances made by mankind.

The emerging concept of MicroGrids or SmartGrids is aimed at changing the paradigm of the conventional power system in order to meet various challenges facing modern day society. To understand why the shift in paradigm is necessary, it is important to have a firm knowledge of the layout of conventional power systems as well as the energy challenges facing our society. A high level example of a conventional power system is shown in figure 1.

The grid, which includes transmission and distribution lines, is a critical aspect of the energy industry that has become antiquated in recent years. The first problem is caused by an increasing demand, 2.5% annually over the last 20 years, leaving the grid overused [gungor]. The second problem is the age of the infrastructure the average age of the power-grid transmission lines are 50–60 years [gungor]. Because the increase in demand and age of the infrastructure coupled with the nonlinear nature of the electric power distribution network have caused serious network congestion issues, which has caused several major blackouts [gungor]. In addition to network congestion, the existing power grid also is out-of-date in the following areas: communications, monitoring, fault diagnostics and automation which further increase the possibility of region-wide system blackout [gungor]. All the aforementioned problems of the “traditional” grid have been increasingly more difficult to meet in the 21st centuries demands, including power-grid integration, system stability and energy storage and an overall decrease in reliability [erol,gungor].

systems. In particular, my research interests are shaped by the emerging trend towards new power grids and energy structures. In the past several years, centralized power systems are replaced by distributed power grids and the penetration level of renewable energy keep increasing in the traditional market. My research will mainly focus on the challenges to which electricity operators would face, especially in case of the uncertainty of

Improve the efficiency of power supply have become crucial to satisfying the demands of people increasing day by day in the life and the development of social production. The world has accelerated the development of smart grid technology and effectively promote the smart power grid. The Smart grid has become the new trend of the future power grid development [1]. The construction of smart grid is based on economic development, to meet the needs of people, and it is the inevitable result of advanced science and technology development to a certain degree. State Grid Corporation proposed to speed up the construction of high voltage network power grid as the backbone network, with informatization, automation, interactive of characteristics of the coordinated development of power at all levels of the strong and smart grid, and strive to achieve the power grid from the traditional power grid to a high effective, economical, clean and interaction of modern power grid upgrades and cross, actively promoting clean energy development, focusing on from generation, transmission, substation, power distribution, power, scheduling, communication information, seven aspects such as to study the key technology of Intelligent power grid [3]. A Smart grid includes STG (Smart Transmission Grid) and SDG (Smart Distribution Grid). A lot of literature introduced smart grid basic concepts and techniques, but per the literature of SDG is relatively small. Smart Distribution Grid

This memorandum addresses to present an overview of the features, functionalities, and characteristics of the Smart Grid. It expounds the effects of Smart Grid technologies on the modern electricity grid, power industry, and society. Smart Grids came up as a solution to make the electricity grid more adapt to the demand of the times, make it more sustainable, greener, and more efficient to the delivery of electric power. Smart Grids are more self-governing and enhance the higher effectivity and efficiency of power delivery, and they also allow renewable energy recourses safely to connect into the grid to replenish the power supply from the normal customers’ distributed power plants and storage, power industries can minimize the cost to build more power plants with renewable energy, transmission lines, and substations to raise the level of power supply which to adapt to the modern electricity consumption. This memorandum can help people learn more about Smart Grids, the better understanding of its value, the less resistance to the construction of it, the faster promotion of the development of it. The purpose of it is to introduce what the Smart Grid is, present the discussion of its features and related technologies, demonstrate how these technologies will influence the modern electricity grid as well as keep on developing and