Electricity and Magnetism

One of the most important discoveries made in science was the invention of electricity. Can you imagine going through a day without the use of electricity? The discovery of electricity had changed how this planet functions .Electricity was first discovered around 600 B.C by the ancient Greece by rubbing amber and fur to create static electricity. A lot of people contributed to the discover of electricity including William Gilbert, Benjamin Franklin, and many more. Benjamin Franklin conducted an experiment to show that lighting was electricity. He experimented with a kite, key, and a storm in which he proved that lightening are tiny electric sparks. Electricity is used in our daily lives, led to new discoveries in science, made easier for

* The battery applies a voltage to the plates, charging one plate positive and the other plate negative. Alpha particles constantly released by the americium knock electrons off of the atoms in the air, ionizing the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the chamber. The positively-charged oxygen and nitrogen atoms are attracted to the negative plate and the electrons are attracted to the

- The magnetic field does not change the speed of the electrons. Since the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the velocity, only the electron movement direction changes and not the speed.

Effects voltage and current will change. The higher the voltage, the faster the ions move. The

The path or trajectory that is shown in the picture is a circle as I had mentioned before. All methods used in particle accelerators have the same purpose. No matter the path they take the particles are transforming with the radioactive waves that are given off from the magnetic field.

An ion is an atom that is both has a positive and negative charge. The attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another is an ionic bond. Table salt is a very good example of an ionic bond.

Acceleration would create a change in magnetic field, which would in turn carry energy away from the nucleus. The electron would eventually slow and be captured by the nucleus. Bohr's model expanded upon Rutherford's and solved many flaws of the previous model "The Bohr Diagram,"). Bohr discovered that the atom consisted of a small, positive nucleus, with negatively charged electrons traveling around it due to the electrostatic force of coulomb's law. (Matthews 2010).

He positioned a variety of metal foil in the route of the alpha rays, including gold, silver, tin, copper and aluminium (at different times) to observe whether the flashes of light moved, spread out, or changed at all. He found that as the various metals disrupted the paths of the rays the flashes become more spread out. This result indicated that alpha particles were being deflected as they passed through the metals. Rutherford wanted to know if alpha particles could be deflected at a larger angle, as the current tool developed by Geiger could only measure deflection of up to a few angles.

The start of the experiment consisted of filling up four beakers with de-ionized water to 150 ml. After the beakers were filled to the appropriate amounts they were then labeled with the

of an electron within an accuracy range of 3%. In 1913 he came out with a

Recently in class we have discovered the meaning of electron affinity and ionization energy. We know that ionization energy is the energy required to be absorbed when an ionic bond removes an electron from an atom. We also know that electron affinity is how easily an atom will accept an electron into its shells when trying to make itself neutral. This means that both of these terms play a big role when an atom loses or gains an electron.

The Method to go about Cation/ Anion analysis is called Qualitative Analysis. With this method, one is able to determine if a Cation or Anion is present in a substance. In 1834 Michael Faraday who was an English physicist and chemist introduced the word Anion and Cation to the world. The name Cation means a positively charged ion and an anion meaning a negatively charged ion. Cations was given this name because it were observed to be drawn to the cathode.

Since the electrons are stripped from the atoms in a plasma, all that remains is the positively charged nucleus, which can be acted on by magnetic fields. In magnetic confinement reactors, so-called magnetic bottles are created with magnetic fields that confine the plasma. In experiments, however, plasmas can only be contained for a few seconds before their oscilations cause them to come into contact with the walls of the reactor. The biggest problem in controlling plasmas with magnetic confinement is their chaotic behaivior. With continuing research, longer containment times are being recorded.

A particle accelerator is a machine that is capable of accelerating particles to very high speeds. The types of particles that are accelerated are protons, electrons and atomic nuclei. Particle accelerates have a Particle Source which is where the particle is before it launched. It also has a Beam Pipe which is where the particles travel around the machine. There are also electric fields, electromagnets, detectors and targets. (Dotson, 2015) The electric fields are spaced out and create radio waves which accelerate particles. The electromagnets help steer and focus the beam of particles when they travel through the beam tube. (Dotson, 2015) The detectors and targets help record data of the particles speed and behavior at high speeds.

The voltage spikes across plasma tubes have been found to be correlated to the plasma focusing events accompanied by ion beam emission and x-ray radiation.