Electron Affinity And Ionization Energy

An ionic bond is a bond that results from the attraction between oppositely charges ions; one atom "gives" another atom an electron. Combinations of metals and nonmetals typically form ionic bonds. A covalent bond is a bond that results from

A sodium ion (Na+) occurs when a sodium atom loses an electron and gains a positive charge

a. atoms lose electrons if they have just one or two electrons in their valence shells; they gain electrons if they need just one or two electrons to complete the valence shell as in K+CL- __Ionic bonds_

Alpha: is a helium nucleus and is made up of 2 protons and neutron and has a positive charge. When it is ionizing it can knock out the electrons because of the collisions.

In the nucleus of an atom there are protons and neutrons the number of protons and neutrons depends on the element and ,if it is an isotope of that element. E.g. carbon 12, carbon 12 has six neutrons six protons and 6 electrons . Electrons are located around the nucleus of the atom. Electrons are in shells, the shell closest to the nucleus is 1 , the one after 2 and so on. Each shell can only hold up to a certain number of electrons . the first can hold up to 2 , the second 8 (2+6) the third up to 18 (2+6+10). The general formula for finding out how many electrons a shell can hold is 2n^2. Electrons have a negative charge , while protons have a positive and neutrons have no charge. A atom has the same number of protons and electrons. An ion is formed when an atom loses or gains a electrons .

3. Electrons are small and are negatively charged (-) with a mass of almost 0 amu..

The main point of lecture was to continue discussing about the light spectra and atoms. Specifically, we used the equations and calculated a photon of light’s energy at a certain wavelength. Also, we discussed the light spectrum and how particular wavelengths of light are absorbed by matter.

-Covalent bond- Electrons are shared between two atoms, neither atom completely gains or loses electrons. Between two nonmetals.

Is the degree of linking one experience for someone else. So, when affinity exists between people they become close to each other. Affinity is the main condition used in communication.

The oxidation number of an atom of any free element is ZERO. Means to say there is only one kind of atom present, no charge.

In ionic bonding one atom transfers electrons to another, creating ions with differing electrical charge.

As the size of the negative ion and the charge on the positive ion both increase and the size of the positive ions decrease, the polarisation effect increases. This polar ionic bonding gives many of the atoms covalent characters. Sometimes one of the atoms become so highly polarised that they share the electrons and therefore can create covalent bonds. Covalent bonding takes place where two atoms have a single, unpaired electron in an atomic orbital; these orbitals will therefore overlap so that the two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons. The attraction that holds the atoms together is the force between the electron and the nuclei in each of the atoms.

For the following molecules determine which atoms are bonded (write the symbols with a bond between them), the electronegativity difference between them, and the type of chemical bond it represents. If the bond is ionic, state what ions are produced. If the bond is polar covalent, indicate the direction of the dipole on the symbols from the first part.

Lithium is a metal, so it would’ve had an endothermic reaction, and gained energy to perform electron affinity. This would be because, in a metal element, when an electron is added to the valence shell it would make an endothermic reaction so energy is needed to sustain that electron. (Harwood, 2016) Furthermore, there are only 2 shielding electrons in Lithium, this would mean Lithium would have a very high attraction between its nucleus and electron, which highlights the fact that it would need more energy to keep that nucleus from attracting the new electron. (Jones, 2014)

When we look at the experiment we did with aluminum, calcium, and magnesium aluminum didn’t react to all three reactants. This is because aluminum has 3 valence electrons and 3 rings of electrons. Compared to calcium with 2 valence electrons and 4 rings and magnesium that has 2 valence electrons and 3 rings aluminum would have the most ionization energy. This is because aluminum the 3 valence electrons are more attracted to the nucleus of the atom and harder to take away fro the whole atom. Calcium has 4 rings and 2 valence electrons, when another atom tries to take away an electron from calcium it would require less energy because it is farther from the nucleus of the atom and wouldn't be as attracted.this also why calcium reacted to all of