Electronic Mass Planets Orbiting The Pulsar Psr B1257

The Scientific Revolution brought a new way of thinking about the universe, and brought an end to Europe’s medieval past. Many scientists have devoted their lives to creating new ideas about the physical universe. These scientists created the assumption that the universe and nature are governed by mathematical laws. Each of the three scientists, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton contributed to the breakdown of the medieval world view. Nicolaus Copernicus thought past the idea of a geocentric universe, and established the idea of a heliocentric theory, or a sun-centered universe. Johannes Kepler presented the idea of an ellipse, otherwise known as the planets following an oval shaped orbit, and not a perfect circle. Finally,

In concordance with Christian doctrines, this system implies that heaven and the throne of God lie beyond the tenth sphere. On the other hand, during the first half of the 16th century, Polish cleric Copernicus developed an astronomical model which positions the motionless Sun at the center of the universe, with the Earth, the moon, and six other planets revolving at a constant speed around it. He argues that all stars were at rest and that their nightly movements are simply indications of the earth’s rotation. However, members of the Church, especially Protestants, who interpreted the Bible literally, refused to grant Copernicus credit for his theory. Nevertheless, once released among the population, the Copernican theory raised support from various scholars, a few of whom, such as Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo, went on to dedicate their career to solidify its legitimacy. With their use of mathematical reasoning, instead of antic philosophy, the Copernican theory finally became justified among the population. Pertaining to its influence among laypeople, the Copernican theory raised various questions against the

By the 16th century, astronomers began to note irregularities in the accepted model of the solar system. In the early 1500s, Nicolaus Copernicus noted that the planets had slight discrepancies between their observed and presumed positions. Copernicus thought that the Sun was

Among these people were Copernicus who believed the sun was at the center of the world and the earth, stars and planets revolved around it. Danish astronomer Brahe helped contribute to this idea by contributing a large mass of data about the universe that he was able to discover. His student Kepler kept his ideas going, as he formulated many laws of planetary motion. He said the orbits around the sun were elliptical, planets don’t move in a uniform speed and the time a planet completes its orbit is related to its distance from the sun. Meanwhile, Florentine Galileo decided to use experiments to find out what happened and not what should happen, and discovered that a uniform force makes a uniform acceleration as well as inertia laws, that an object will be in motion forever unless stopped by another force.

the heliocentric solar system. Johannes Kepler further modified the heliocentric system, by mathematically showing that the planets’ orbits are elliptical. With his invention of the telescope, Galileo made new observations about the solar system and found mathematical laws that described the movement of the planets. Later, Isaac Newton established a universal law of gravity. With the new scientific discoveries, the gap between religion and science increased. Science revolutionized the human though and its understanding of the universe.

Copernicus published "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" in 1543 , sparking off the scientific revolution and a new era of astronomical thought. This theory explains that the sun, not the Earth, is the center of the solar system and planets move in a circular motion around it. This had many social, intellectual and religious made of huis idea. For instance, this theory brought into question the strict reading of the Bible and philosophies of the Catholic Church.

The first theory of the placement of the planets and stars to disprove the theocentric theory, God centered, was the geocentric theory. This idea began with the philosopher Aristotle in fourth century B.C. Greece, and was expanded and better explained in second century A.D. by Greek Astronomer Ptolemy. The main point of this theory was that the Earth was the center of the universe. This was “proven” by the observation of the sun moving around the earth every day, as seen in the

Their limited telescope technology had peaked and they were unable to see any further. With the new star being found, new telescopes created, it was opened up for more discoveries and open mindedness towards astrology. The discovery of Uranus sparked a renewed interest and search for more planets and other things in our solar system. This was the beginning of the “second phase” in the search for more planets. Most people agree that the discovery by William Herschel was a check point in discovery, with the planets before Uranus being the first phase of discovery and the ones after that being the second

The Scientific Revolution is the qualitative jump in sciences in the 17th century. New discoveries in natural science, engineering, geography rejected many traditional ideas and a common picture of the world. Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, and Christian Theology represented the universe as geocentric conception where the earth was motionless and in the center of concentric spheres. (479) Such representation was supported till Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) argued Ptolemy's conception and suggested heliocentric understanding. His conception opened the Earth as a planet where the moon took place as Earth's satellite and the sun was the center of planets. Also as Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler disagreed with Ptolemy's geocentric system. Based on the Brahe's work, Kepler came to conclusions that each planet moves in an ellipse and were able to calculate relations between planets' size and

Nicholas Copernicus was the first to question the universal truths and teachings of the church. He devised a theory that the earth along with the other planets revolved around the sun. This theory disagreed with Aristotle and the old teachings that the universe revolved around the earth, and that man was the center of the universe.

Copernicus came up with another theory. The theory was that the center of gravity is the earth, and the earth is the center of the moon's orbit. Copernicus theory was that planets revolve around the sun. People at this time didn't know how

The Ptolemaic view of the motions of the stars was earth centric, or geocentric. Ptolemy believed that all the planets revolved around the earth, the earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus on the other hand held the belief that the universe revolved around the sun, or that the universe was heliocentric. Copernicus also only considered there to only be six planets, as he didn’t count the moon like Ptolemy. Kepler held similar beliefs t Copernicus, and believed that the reason why a god-created universe only had six planets instead of seven was based on Plato’s idea of the five Platonic Solids. That just like there are only five forms of matter and five platonic solids, the universe must have been intelligently created in a similar

On to the next portion of time which was called the renaissance astronomy period (1400-1650). Most renaissance astronomers did not accept the theories of the previous astronomers. So they decided to make their own. Starting off with the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. He began a new era of astronomy when he concluded that the Sun was the center of the universe instead of the Earth. This inventive idea was not popular with the Church, but several other astronomers such as Brahe and Galileo helped to eventually prove that this model of the universe was more accurate. Speaking of Tycho Brahe he built an observatory from which he made the most accurate astronomical observations up to that time. His observatory contained equipment for mapping star positions, and for more than 20 years he made detailed records of his findings. He believed that the universe was a blend of the Ptolemaic and Copernican models, and created his own model in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth. Moving on to the next big astromoner who was, in fact Tycho Brahes assistant, Johannes Kepler. He inherited Tycho’s collection of astronomical records, and used them to develop three laws of planetary

William Herschel, as an amateur astrologist, first discovered Uranus while carefully searching the sky for double stars. He wanted to compare paired stars and record which was the further of the pair. In the year 1781 he noticed light reflecting off a surface of what he originally thought to be a comet. It wasn’t until the summer 1782 that he first referred to it as “his planet” and then only after multiple correspondences with the Royal Society. With in the correspondence he asked for secondary opinions on the “comet” and many members of the Royal society believed it to be either a comet or a planet. The discover lead to questions such as how far away is it. From there it was discovered that the planet was past Saturn which is how it gained

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician who lived between 1671-1630. Kepler was a Copernican and initially believed that planets should follow perfectly circular orbits (“Johan Kepler” 1). During this time period, Ptolemy’s geocentric theory of the solar system was accepted. Ptolemy’s theory stated that Earth is at the center of the universe and stationary; closest to Earth is the Moon, and beyond it, expanding towards the outside, are Mercury, Venus, and the Sun in a straight line, followed by Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the “fixed stars”. The Ptolemaic system explained the numerous observed motions of the planets as having small spherical orbits called epicycles (“Astronomy” 2). Kepler is best known for introducing three