Electrophysiological Factors Of The Feedback-Related Depression Among Adolescents

Psychoanalysis is a therapy of psychological theory that aims to treat mental illnesses based on the concepts of Sigmund Freud, who emphasized the importance of free association and dream analysis. The model of psychoanalysis aim is to release repressed emotion and experiences, by making unconscious thoughts, conscious. The fundamental principles of psychoanalysis are practiced by putting an emphasis on the patient to gain insight into the origins of their respective problems like a patient presenting symptoms of anxiety would be encouraged by a licensed professional to explore their past, in hopes of discovering problems that manifested the anxiety. The anxiety created may be a defense mechanism directed towards displacement in their world.

The following essay will begin by demonstrating what is understood by the concept of mental health. It will attempt to identify different explanations for the underlying issues causing mental illnesses and it will then centre around a case study focusing specifically on one mental health problem. A description of what the causes and effects of the chosen illness will be given and information on the available treatment will be presented. To round up the assignment a brief explanation of the chosen case study will be included with an attempt to distinguish the common issues identified and how they relate to the literature information provided throughout. In this assignment, the case study chosen will target depression.

Depression is a mood disorder which is categorised by low mood and a wide range of other symptoms, which will inevitably differ depending on the individual. This mental health illness can either progress at a fast rate or steadily. Many scientific and medicinal professionals view depression as a defence mechanism that the body implements in order to escape from stress. Seligman (1973) discussed depression in terms of it being like a ‘common cold’ of psychiatry, due to how frequently it is diagnosed. The behaviourist approach accentuates the significance of the environment in regards to determining an individual’s behaviour. To behaviourist theorists, our behaviour does not relate with our internal unconscious struggles or suppressions. However, psychologists in this field use ideologies of the learning theory to explain human behaviour. According to the behavioural theory, dysfunctional behaviour such as depression is learned and so because of this, psychologists propose that it can also be unlearned. This perspective focuses on behaviour which is observable and the circumstances in which a particular individual has learnt that behaviour. As a result, depression is therefore seen by behaviourist theorists as a result of an individual’s contact with their environment.

This article related to a few topics in psychology such as depression, anxiety, and stress. The author explains the

This research paper will examine the concepts of psychopathology, or abnormal psychology and how it deals with a various set of symptoms or behaviors that manifested by functional impairments in a person’s life. Psychological disorders (e.g. Major Depressive Disorder) and the causes of abnormal behaviour have been understood by a various different theories and have been documented throughout historical transformations. Additionally, this research illustrates the Causes of the Depression,

Major depression is a commonly diagnosed psychological disorder affecting individuals’ ability to feel happiness and peace of mind. Those who suffer experience negative emotions, lack of motivation, changes in behaviour and dysfunctional cognitive symptoms. Depression is classified by the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as five of more of the listed symptoms present persistently over the same two weeks. One of these symptoms must be depressed mood or loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities. Depression causes disruption to typical daily life such as inability to maintain friendships and jobs. Other symptoms outlined by the DSM-5 include; insomnia, fatigue and recurrent thoughts of death. There is much debate over what exactly causes depression. Biological explanations question hereditary and neurotransmitter factors. While psychological theories include the cognitive ideas of Beck’s negative triad and hopelessness theory. This essay will focus on the ways in which psychological and biological explanations contrast and how their theories can overlap to better understand depression.

Psychology explores human behavior and the human mental process figuring ways to improve the thinking and attitude of an individual’s existence. Sometimes, different techniques are used and tried to properly resolve the problem within the multitude of possible behavioral issues. Moreover, Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, developed many theories, psychodynamic therapy, for clinically treating people with mental health problems through their unconscious mind; Then, Sigmund Freud’s theories or therapy, rather, diverged into other types of therapies such as Biological Psychology or Cognitive Psychology. No doubt, there are various perspectives, both strong and weak, in the field of Psychology using different techniques on different

Eventually in life, any given individual will encounter testing days that brings on a depressing mood. An individual may feel miserable, sad, or even tired. A depress state of mind is something that is normal and a basic event in our day to day lives. For a few people, it turns out to be more than a basic discouraged mind-set, it turns into a state of being a disorder. It is assessed that million of Americans will develop some type of mood disorder issue eventually in their life. Mood disorder is not something new mood disorder are something that has been around a very long time.

The FRN shares a number of features in common with the ERN. Both are elicited in the presence of negative outcomes, and both are thought to originate in the ACC (Krigolson et al., 2008). However, in contrast with the ERN, the FRN has been shown to involve areas of the brain beyond the ACC. In a task where participants predicted the value of a reward based on a learnable rule, the FRN extended to the medial and lateral superior frontal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe when the outcome of their prediction was worse than expected (Bellebaum & Daum, 2008). Bellebaum and Daum (2008) noted differences in FRN between learners and nonlearners in a reward-based prediction task based on a learnable rule. In the first phase of the experiment, learners and nonlearners shared similar FRNs in response to negative feedback given a predetermined likelihood of performance outcomes. In the second phase of the experiment, the predetermined likelihood of performance outcomes changed without the participants knowledge. The FRN magnitude was greater when predictions were violated in participants that learned the rule while it remained the same in those that did not. The learners continued to be responsive to feedback to confirm their calculation of reward probabilities and to seek further rules that would enhance

Tony Yang and others’ study, “Adolescents with Major Depression Demonstrate Increased Amygdala Activation,” is an influential study of developmental psychology because of the insight it brought into the relationship of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or Dysthymia and the activation of the amygdala in adolescents. Major Depressive Disorder is defined as a two week interval of sad mood, loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, weight loss/gain, appetite loss, feelings of worthlessness, guilt and concentration difficulties. As told in lecture on March 9th 2015, Dysthymia differs from MDD, it is when a person’s mood is regularly low and symptoms are not as severe. (Monk, Lecture 13, 2015). Yang et al. aimed to find a relationship between adolescents with depression and the activation of their amygdala. The researchers hypothesized that the amygdala would be active in both groups, but activation would be greater in the adolescents with MDD compared to the healthy controls (Yang et al. 2010).

Depression have become a major problem in our society today. People who haven’t experience depression will not understand how it feel and what it can do to a person. Many people also doesn’t understand what depression is, or how it can related to suicidal ideation. In fact, studies have documented that the majority of young suicide victims had depression at the time of death and most suicide survivors were diagnosed with symptoms of clinical depression at the time of their attempt (Mojs, Biederman, Głowacka, Strzelecki, Ziemska, Samborski 2015). It can affect anyone, from young adolescents to college students to the elderly people. There are many reasons that can make someone have major depression. Such as financial problems, family problems, social problems, school, work, etc. These stressors in our daily life can cause anxiety which can increase our stress level significantly, which then can lead to depression. A research said that anxiety disorder have a high comorbidity with depression and that anxiety occur prior to the onset of depressive disorders in many individuals (Batterham, Christensen, Calear 2013). People who experience depression must find way to cope with depression and know how to get help in order to prevent suicidal ideation. The people surroundings, friends and family, must also find ways to recognize the symptoms of depression, and show understandings in order to help those suffering. This research project will help people understand more about

Authors help to grasp the idea of the psychoanalysis. They show that originally psychoanalysis was not a literary practice, but clinical and therapeutic methodology. However, there always were relationship between this methodology and literature. Authors refer to Felman,

The research completed by Shiv et al (2004), was to identify whether or not dysfunctions in neural systems controlling emotions could influence and promote individual’s gambling abilities. Emotions can be either beneficial or detrimental to one’s behaviour; it depends on what task is on hand and the individual differences. As previous research in neuroscience has highlighted the positive roles of emotions in everyday decision making, Shiv et al (2004) wanted to test out if individuals with dysfunctional emotional reactions could actually make better decisions than normal individuals. A specific scenario that brought curiosity to the researchers was how a patient with ventromedial prefrontal damage, an area responsible for fear, responded accurately to hazardous road conditions. Instead of becoming fearful and stepping on the breaks during icy roads, this individual lacked fear so the patient assessed the situation and responded properly. This patient with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage handled the hazardous situation logically rather than emotionally, allowed him to react properly. Shiv et al (2004) are specifically looking at how dysfunctions in neural systems controlling emotions could affect gambling abilities. As normal individuals usually display a myopic loss aversion, high levels of risk aversion towards gambling, this study wants to detect if individuals with injuries with emotional brain circuitry systems would also have myopic loss

Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders and a huge mass of individual is suffering from different types of it. This disorder can have significant effects on our personal and social life and may make us incur heavy economic cost as well. Various cognitive processes have been considered for the recurrence of depressive mood. This particular area of psychology has attained a lot of attention in past 15 years (Papageorgiou & Wells, 2004).

Mood disorder refers to the destruction or disturbance of the mood. Firstly, this paper will explain the causes of mood disorders using psychological and sociocultural factors followed by the arguments of the strengths and limitations for each factor.