Embryonic Heart Structure

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. During fetus development, a gap occurs in the heart’s lower wall between two ventricular chambers and allows blood to pass through from the left to the right side of the heart. The blood rich with oxygen, pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body and cause the heart to work harder than usual.

The formation of the heart begins during the third week of development, the embryo undergoes gastrulation in the embryonic plate producing three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). Originally the embryonic plate possesses two germ layers (ectoderm & mesoderm) until pregenital heart cells from the ectoderm migrate through the primitive streak in to splanchnic mesoderm forming the third germ layer (endoderm) creating the primary heart field a region responsible for the formation of the left ventricle, atria and a part of the right ventricle.

A ventricular septal defect or VSD is a heart defect. It’s congenital, this means that a baby is born with it. It is an opening or hole in the dividing wall called the Septum, between the two lower chambers of the heart, right and left ventricles. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type of congenital heart defects. A VSD allows oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle through the opening in the septum. Then it mixes with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. There are different types of ventricular septal defects, the type your child has depends on which part of the wall between the ventricles is involved. Also the size of the opening or hole varies. A ventricular septal defect may occur more often in some families, this is because of gene defects. But most of the time, the cause is unknown. Similarly to ventricular septal defect, an Atrial septal defect is a birth defect of the heart in which there is also a hole in the wall in the septum, but instead of dividing the lower chambers it divides the upper chambers of the heart (atria), here a hole can vary in size and may close on its own or may require surgery as well. An atrial septal defect is one type of congenital heart defect, in which also the baby is born with it.

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

Atrial Septal Defect affects the cardiovascular system of a person’s heart and affects a person’s life. The understanding of the heart and the process it completes in our bodies. As we look into the difference of what the heart does and the challenges you go through when your heart is not healthy. When we our born we our born with heart murmur’s in which they are supposed to close throughout your growing process. Atrial Septsl Defect is a hole in your heart that should be fixed in order for the person to live longer or a full life.

Atrial septal defect is a hole in the wall, or septum, that divides the upper chambers of the heart, which are called atria. Usually most children who develop ASP are fine because the hole either repairs itself or is too small to cause any trouble later on in life. If the septum is flawed, oxygen deficient blood can flow directly from the right side of the heart and combine with oxygen-rich blood in the left side of the heart, or vice versa. Therefore oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the body to be lower than normal due to this case. Every person had a hole in the septum to allow blood from the right atrium to enter the left atrium as a child which seals after birth due to the pressure drop on the right

This book was beautiful. I fangirled so hard while reading this that it should be illegal. The Anatomical Shape of a Heart is adorably quirky in all of the right ways. It will make you swoon, scream in anger, want to cry, and laugh your heart out. It was amazing – the perfect book to pull me out of my reading slump. This book has definitely made my top books of the year list – right up there with Six of Crows, Illuminae, and All the Rage – but for very different reasons.

The causes of ventricular septal defect, similar to other congenital heart diseases are multifactorial in origin, and they operate during the period of cardiac morphogenesis; they may only engage the heart, or even other organs and apparatus. The causal

The diagram above shows the external heart. It is shaped in a cone and is made up of the cardiac muscle. Its main function is to pump the blood around the body. There are three different layers. The outer layer is known as the epicardium, it is a thin membrane which helps to protect the outside of the heart. The middle layer is known as the myocardium where the cardiac muscle tissue is contained. Myocardium has the thickness and most mass in the heart, its responsibility is to pump the blood. Lastly, the inner layer is called endocardium, it is thin and a smooth. Its role is to keep the blood sticking of the heart.

The mother’s body sustains the heart of its unborn child; that in itself is poetic. The cardiovascular system is the first (dual) system to form during pregnancy. The heart and a nascent circulatory system will form during the first few weeks of gestation. Between the 4th and 5th week of gestation the heart is now beating at a sturdy pace and blood flow has begun in the main vessels. By week ten of a pregnancy, the heart has fully formed, with two atria, two ventricles, and two blood vessels to carry blood from the heart, the aorta, and pulmonary artery. Circulation differs between babies and fetuses, because a fetus is incapable of using its lungs to breathe. A majority of fetal blood does not pass through the lungs but rather pushed through

I completely agree, it’s fascinating the fact that fish have a single atrium, and ventricle because they have gills and not lungs. The body movement of a fish + helps them to move blood back into their heart which explains why they cannot survive out of the water. A birds cardiovascular system is more effective because of their active way of living they fly, run, swim, and dive. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle must generate a greater pressure to pump the blood through -out the body.

The structural support of heart is attributed to the extracellular matrix network of the heart. Pumping action of heart is due to the force generated by cardiomyocyte. The extracellular matrix network mainly consist of type I collagen with smaller amounts of type III collagen. This collagen network facilitates the transmission of a systolic force [9]. Tensile strength is provided by thick fibers mainly of type I collagen (85 % of total myocardial collagen). Type III collagen (11 % of the total collagen protein in the heart), forms thin fibers and is responsible for elasticity of the matrix network. Cardiac matrix network, morphologicaly can be subdivided into three constituents: the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium [10] (Figure 1). The entire cardiac muscle is enveloped by epimysium and is located on the endocardial and epicardial surface providing support for endothelial and mesothelial cells.

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most prevalent of all birth defects and the leading cause of death in the first year of life, (1) with an annual prevalence ranging from six to twelve affected infants per 1,000 live births. (2)

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

Atrial Septal Defect is a common and interesting disorder. Atrial Septal Defect is mostly know as “a hole in the heart.” This disorder is birth defect. It can happen to male, female, adult, and kids. This disorder mostly happens to kids and infant. Atrial Septal Defect is when there is a hole in your heart that doesn’t allow oxygen to flow through. This can causes difficulty breathing, heart murmur, and e.t.c... There three different types of level. These level are called ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The most severe level is ostium secundum which is the true atrial septal. Then is ostium primum, and last sinus venosus. This genetic disorder is typically diagnosed by noticing .symptoms.