Emergence Of Biotechnology: A Summary

The natural sciences have a lot in common with Pandora’s box. Both contain any number of wonders and possibilities within them, the promise of untold riches and benefits just as great as the threat of disaster and pain. The fear of catastrophe can keep the scientific box shut, and science may not progress at all. For this reason, scientists should only be held responsible for the application of their discoveries to an extent that does not give them blame for the negative. For should scientists be blamed for the tragedies that result from their work, not only do they become a scapegoat for the abusers of their knowledge, but the process of scientific discovery itself becomes hindered by this fear of the unknown.

The word “monster” often arises in the discussion of Frankenstein’s creation, but the novel does not primarily condemn the science of this creature’s creation; rather, it criticizes the lack accountability its creator possesses. From this, one can conclude that the development of new technology itself is not monstrous, but instead the true monstrosity arises from its misuse.

Thesis: In a world where knowledge is essential, it is often asked just how much intelligence is “safe”. In the story Frankenstein, Shelley expresses the idea that knowledge is power and this is shown through both despair and progress. This can easily be understood through the conclusion that science is almost always left up to chance even though it is thought to be a straight cut subject.

185). Kathy has empathy with the animals, suggesting that “For all their busy, metallic features, there was something sweet and vulnerable about each of them” (Never, p. 185, 2005). The animals are thus represented as vulnerable figures of liminality, with their hybridity expressed in the fact that they are neither the archetypal image of a domestic pet, nor a robotic automaton, but an unsettling combination of the two. Ishiguro therefore fuses art and the bio-technic, with Kathy’s empathetic feelings towards Tommy’s creations suggesting that empathy should be applied as unreservedly to the inhuman. Therefore, Ishiguro uses the figures of the animals to indicate the paradoxically artificial nature of art, gesturing towards the limitations that we impose on creativity by associating art and empathy solely with the category of the ‘human.’ As H.G. Wells’ The Ireland of Doctor Moreau proposes, why is it acceptable to “burn out all the animal” (Wells, 1896, p. 59) – to subjugate the other, for the benefit of the human – but not to subject those we label human to the same treatment? As recent eco-criticism has charged, this appears to be related to the connection between scientific advancement and “the domination and expropriation of nature” (Birke, 1994, p. 134). In Ishiguro’s

dark underside of scientific and technological advances and the effects that has on what it means to

Destruction Today’s society is so fixated on discovering ways to scientifically improve and create life. Researchers have dedicated their entire life to finding ways to do these unthinkable tasks. Much like the scientists and researchers, Victor Frankenstein, from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, has dedicated his entire life and freedom to create life by his own hands. Scientific progresses, such as the creation of life and today’s genetic developments, for knowledge should not be performed due to the fact they have destroyed and will destroy people’s lives in the future.

Science has become a tool for humans to understand the wonders of nature and to manipulate the new knowledge for personal benefit of a single race. Specifically, during the Nineteenth Century, electricity was being recently experimented with and galvanism was one of the most gruesome practices at the time. This initiated the idea of giving life to the dead and became one of the foundations of the gothic and romantic monster novel that is still famous today. In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, the author warns that although science has many great beneficial achievements, there are the consequences of attempting to replicate nature and warns of the self destruction that results from obsessing over it that are often disregarded.

Many times, we are often forced to question our standing, as humans, in the universe in light of how both humanity and the world progresses due to the continuing increase in technology as the years go on. Many are for continuing onwards to become more scientifically and technologically-oriented as time passes, but others claim that going to far with technology will prove to be the undoing of mankind. In the nineteenth century, decades before anyone truly conceived of human-made artificial life, Mary Shelley, the wife of the famed poet Percy Shelley and author, wrote a horror story by the name of Frankenstein, an enduring story that may have even sewn the first inklings of Science-Fiction themes into a novel about a man who plays God and creates

Science is loved and feared by humans, depending on how it is used and applied. It both helps people and causes difficulties. In some ways it has hurt lives, like in Macaela Mackenzie’s “What to know about 2018’s Deadly Flu Season” and Robert Louis Stevenson’s “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde”. In some ways it has helped our lives, like in Fabrizio Bensch’s “Scientists find DNA of first-ever bubonic plague, warn of new outbreaks.”, in Daniel Defoe’s “ A Journal of the Plague Year”, and in Harvard University Contagion : Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics “The Great Plague of London, 1665”. First, in Mackenzie’s text how it hurt lives.

Although science research is important, some innovations can be harmful to society. In the book “Frankenstein”, as the Shelley (2008) suggests that knowledge can sometimes be destructive. In order to prevent pursuit of destructive knowledge, it is important to conduct science research based on ethical principles. This can act as a solution to the constant tension between the utopian vision of science and their possible dystopian effects. Although the book was published over two centuries ago, its concepts are applicable in the modern techno-science culture. Today, the book is often used as a reference to warn scientists against potential consequences that can result from uncontrolled quest of knowledge and dominion over nature. Basically, “Frankenstein”

“The process by which either the individual makes or the community makes the transition from constrained fall to the pendulum or from dephlogisticated air to oxygen is not one that resembles interpretation…Rather than being and interpreter, the scientist who embraces a new paradigm is like the man wearing inverting lenses. Confronting the same constellation of objects as before and knowing he does so, he nevertheless finds them transformed through and through in many of their details”

In her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley is trying to convey the message that science and technology can be dangerous in the wrong hands. She affirms this idea through the character of Victor, a cautionary tale, but dispels the idea that all pursuit of knowledge is bad through more traditionally romantic characters such as Henry Clerval. Shelley is complicit in her understanding that curiosity and experimentation are unbreakably tied to the human condition, and tries to warn the world of the evil that can come from this. However, the effects of the interpretation of this book can vary: it is an exemplary cautionary tale, and a much needed reminder of ethics in an increasingly technology-dependent world, but one could easily take these warnings too far and use her novel as a means to quell innovation or incite censorship. In a world of technology that would be unbelievable to Shelley, her work still remains relevant, notably in the field of genetic engineering. Frankenstein raises important questions about ethics, responsibility and censorship, and is applicable to modern technological issues such as genetic engineering.

Biotechnology is a broad term. Basically, it is the “tools and techniques [opening] new research avenues for discovering how healthy bodies work and what goes wrong when problems arise”(Siedler para. 1). It covers controversial technology and procedure, like genetic engineering and gene therapy. It is controversial because it can affect everyone(Jeremy para. 16). As a consequence, the development of biotechnology has been a “slow, quiet progress”(Kirsner para. 3) because society may or may not recognize the repercussion of it. However, scientist like Smith- a previous chief for the Cambridge biotech company, Genzyme- continues to develop biotechnology(para. 1). Because biotechnology can be controversial, yet scientist continues to develop it;

Other phrases throughout the first four pages use words like "nightmare", "destroy", "haunt", and "anguish" to attract readers to how seriously society takes awareness of science. These phrases get readers to feel the urgency of the views against science in society. The dark phrasing successfully shows that society has taken a responsible view against incorrect scientific application.

Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbeq20 Altered Gene Expression: Induction/Suppression in Leek Elicited by Iris Yellow Spot Virus Infection (IYSV) Egyptian Isolate Elsayed Elsayed Hafeza, Ahmed A. Abdelkhaleka, Abeer Salah El-Deen Abd El-Wahabb & Fatma Hassan GalalcResults and Discussion Biological transmission and symptoms appearance IYSV was first reported on leek seed crops in 2006 in the Willamette Valley (36). This virus is known to infect other Allium spp., including onion and garlic (36). It has been reported that IYSV is transmitted by the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) but has not been shown to be transmitted by other thrips species (20). The results from our study revealed that viral symptoms appeared in the biologically inoculated plants (using Thrips tabaci) 10 days post inoculation. The inoculated leek plants showed spindle-shaped, straw-colored, irregular lesions with occasional green islands.