Emperor Penguins Research Paper

time. The female lays the eggs in a hole that is specifically made for laying the eggs. The

For reproduction it is best to place one male in with 2-3 females. This will lower the rate of fighting compared to a one on one. Then the female will typically make a burrow 6-8 in. deep and lay her eggs there. The eggs will hatch about 60-70 days

They build their nests are on the ground using moss and grass.. After the female is fertilized the egg grows inside her. When the egg is laid the male and female take turns sitting on the egg for two months. The chicks stay under the constant protection of their nesting parents for the first three or four weeks of their life. Later when they are stronger, they are left alone for days or weeks at a time while their parents go to get them food. The parents need to pre digest the food because the weight of the undigested food would make them so heavy they would not be able to travel.. The chicks grow so much while there parents are away that their parents don’t recognize them by sight when they return so the must rely on calls and their sense of smell to identify their own chicks and feed them their predigested oily food. (oceanwide

The most attention grabbing fact about seahorses is that the male is impregnated. Most people find this hard to believe because females are always the ones who carry their young until birth. Of all animals, seahorses are the only species in which the male has the babies. Some female seahorses compete with each other for the male mating partners. The female still makes the eggs though. Because she does not have to nourish and feed babies, it allows her to make eggs more rapidly. Once the female makes the eggs, she inserts them into the male’s pouch where he fertilizes them. The eggs are then covered in tissue and stay with the dad until birth. Seahorse pregnancies tend to last from two to three weeks in length and reoccur rapidly. Labor can last up to three hours sometimes leaving the dad very weak. Their offspring are exact miniatures of their parents. They also become independent of their parents immediately upon birth. About fifty are released from the father’s pouch after pregnancy. Typically only two offspring out of thousands will make it to adulthood. Most are eaten by many other fish and sometimes the dad may eat them as well to replenish the nutrients he lost during

+ They normally lay two to three eggs once a year and the eggs hatch

There are three different types, or classifications, of huddles, which include isolation, loose aggregation, and huddle (Gilbert, Blanc, Le Maho, Ancel 2). Isolation or isolated huddles consist of one or two penguins. This type of huddling has zero effect and no wind protection. Emperor penguins would become isolated right after being in a huddle for a certain amount of time. The emperor would leave the huddle to cool off. Once they cool off they would join a loose aggregation. The second huddle classification is a loose aggregation. Emperors in a loose aggregation have very limited contact with another neighboring individual. These aggregations are not really effective, but they do offer plenty of wind protection. The third huddle classification is a huddle, also known as a packed huddle. Huddles are extremely effective and there is a great amount of wind protection. Emperor penguins that shelter themselves from the wind will have an average thermal and energetic benefit of 32% (4). A huddle can reach a density of 8-10 emperor penguins/m2 (Ancel, Gilbert, Poulind, Beaulieu, Thierry 92). Penguins move the most from a loose aggregation to a huddle. The loose aggregations feed the huddles to make them bigger. Penguins in isolation and loose aggregations usually need more warmth, so they join bigger huddles to obtain their body

The penguin population is restricted to a very small range, with nearly all birds breeding at just one location. (Although the penguins are distributed amongst 19 islands, the main breeding range is confined to two islands called Fernandina and Isabela that occupy approximately 402 km of coastline, and is where 96% of all the nests are found (ADW Spheniscus mendiculus)).

Almost all mammals give birth to live young but platypuses lay eggs. Platypuses are part of a primitive species of mammals called monotremes. When a female platypus is ready to give birth, she will bury herself inside one of her tunnels and seal herself inside. She will continue on to lay one or two eggs and keep them warm with her fur. After about ten days, the eggs hatch bean sized baby platypuses and the mom will nurse them for three to four months until they can swim on their

The ones residing on the northern coast of Antarctica are prone to ice melting, due to the increasing temperatures in the spring which shorten the ice season. Those on the southern coast are of least concern due to the fact that the temperature there fluctuates less drastically. Regarding the penguins’ nesting places, immense ice sheets are essential for them to hatch and raise chicks; during the ice season, Emperor penguins march 60-100 miles to their rookery around May, where they lay, incubate, and hatch their eggs. Usually, the chicks begin fledging about December and the adults leave. However, if the ice season is shorter due to warmer temperatures, the ice breaks earlier. Before the baby penguins can fully fledge and retain waterproof and swimming capabilities, the only habitat they know is swallowed into the ocean. Then, the immature chicks, unable to swim, are swept into the sea where they drown. The quintessential nesting grounds of Emperor penguins allow for expansion of their species. After all, predation by leopard seals and killer whales naturally reduces the population, and they must repopulate to sustain. The specific, freezing march of Emperor penguins to their nesting grounds was displayed in the acclaimed French documentary “March of the Penguins.” The documentary was recorded in the southern region of Antarctica, where temperatures recorded have less effect on the early

Penguins eat krill, squid, or fish depending on the species, and only eat while at sea. During their time on land, penguins are fast. Part of what prevents a penguin from being able to fly is their large bodies. Penguins’ larger bodies facilitate in diving deeper and longer. Unfortunately, their heavier bodies make them too heavy to fly. A larger body also helps keep penguins insulated in the freezing cold waters they dive into. Their unique body shape is streamlined for gliding through the water. “The fastest species is the Gentoo Penguin, which can reach swimming speeds up to 22

www.livescience.com/27434-penguin-facts.html says Penguins are torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that live in the southern regions of the Earth.The smallest penguin species is the little (also called little blue) penguin. These birds grow to 10 to 12 inches (25.4 to 30.48 centimeters) tall and weigh only 2 to 3 lbs. (0.90 to 1.36 kilograms). The largest penguin is the emperor penguin. It grows to 36 to 44 inches (91.44 to 111.76 cm) tall and weighs 60 to 90 lbs (27.21 to 40.82 kg), they say. penguins live up to 80 percent of their lives in the ocean,according to the New England Aquarium. A group of penguins is called a colony, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is one of the most abundant organisms in southern ocean, with a total biomass of hundreds millions of tons. It is a cold water species and they mainly feed on marine algae. Their lifespan is five to six years and they can grow up to six centimeters long. Atlantic krill start life as eggs that sink and hatch in spring. They develop though Nauplius, Metanauplius, Calyptopis stages and reach the fourth stage - furcilia - by winter. Antarctic krill that hatch at the depth of shallow Antarctic shelf (300 - 400 meters) can swim back to the surface water before winter. Therefore, furcilia are able to survive the first winter by feeding on algae and a small portion of zooplankton on the undersurface of pack ice before using up their stored supplies. Antarctic krill that hatch in water deeper than 500 meters may starve before they are able to swim back to the surface and find food to feed on.

Fletcher also identified that the large brood numbers could be used as a reproduction strategy by marine organism. Because fish can lay between one hundred to one thousand eggs in its brood, surly some must survive to adult hood. There are multiple reproduction strategies that fish apply when reproducing. Some fish will build nest, some will hide their eggs, and some will carry their eggs with (29).The Copeina arnoldi will jump out of the water to lay its eggs on overhanging leaves, rocks, and branches. The father will constantly splash water on them to ensure that they do not dry out (Fletcher).The annual fish will bury its eggs in the mud; moreover after the water dries up and the parent die, the eggs remain until the next rainy season and hatch (Fletcher 53).To ensure that every possible gamete is used marine organism, such as the horse shoe crab, have large mating orgies. Other organisms such as sea anemones produce clouds of gametes into the ocean, during a period known as blooming. The mouth brooder is an example of a fish that carries it offspring with it. The mouth brooder allows its offspring to enter into its mouth until they are too large to fit. If they stay to close for too long, she may eat them, but if they are separated from them to early she will starve herself (Fletcher).

2. Mechanically extracted by an urologist through testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) done by putting a needle in the testicle and removing sperm cells (nisl.com)

African Penguins, (spheniscus demersus) are a species of penguins confined in cold currents along South African waters. African penguins stay in a warm environment. They are the only penguins found on the south-western coast of Africa; they live in colonies on twenty-four islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay and they are the only species of penguins that grow in Africa (Aquarium of The Pacific). They fly through the water and move their feet as rudders; the use their wings as flippers. when swimming at the surface. African penguins can swim an average of 7 km per hour and speeds up to 24 km per hour. They may hold their breath on a dive for an average of 2.5 minutes (Portfolio). They enjoy eating anchovies and other small fishes such as sardines. They may also eat squid and crustaceans. When African penguins find their mate they stay with that mate forever (Monterey Aquarium). They are friendly social birds that groom one another in attempts of removing any parasites. Lastly, they make donkey-like braying sounds to communicate with one another (Smith).