Empirical literature examining the determinants of inflation has mostly viewed it as a monetary

Fiscal responsibility is an important part of stability and the government must focus on maintaining the economic stability. As we all know, Government dept can quickly become a burden on the economy and weaken it. Macroeconomic policies change credibility of the government and strengthen political institutions. It is very important that our economy has credibility and stability because it’s vital to us Americans long term investment decisions that allow the US economy to grow. Government provide stability by ensuring to maintain stability of currency, enforce-defend property rights, and provide oversight that assures private citizens that their transaction partners in marketplaces are

Three ultimate macroeconomic goals which every government strives to achieve in order to ensure sound macroeconomic policy are maintenance of relative stability in domestic prices, attainment of a high rate of employment or full employment and achievement of a high rapid and sustainable economic growth. The relationship between inflation and unemployment on growth remains a controversial one in both theory and empirical findings. Originating from the Latin American context in the 1950s, the issue has generated an enduring debate between structuralists and monetarists. The structuralists believe that inflation is essential for economic growth, whereas the monetarists see inflation as detrimental to economic progress. There are two aspects to this debate:

The growing importance of monetary policy and the diminishing role played by fiscal policy in economic stabilization efforts may reflect both political and economic realities. Fighting inflation requires government to take unpopular actions

A lot of literatures have already studied about the inflation and inflation prediction and in this paper literature review will be discussed from the theoretical aspect and empirical aspect. The researches of the inflation, which are studied, by a lot of scholars in the field of economics have been conducted for a long time especially during the 1970s and it is the heyday when people would like to pay more attention to research the inflation. The inflation has become a hot topic among the economic life and social life since 1987. However, no matter whether it is in the western economic field or in the Chinese economic field, people have different definitions on the inflation and so far there is no unified opinion and conclusion can be accepted generally by everyone. For example, Wyplosz and Burda (1997), Blanchard (2000), and Barro (1997) define that inflation is a sustained rising in the overall price level of products and services in an economy throughout the time period. By contrast, Zha and Zhong (2016) define that inflation is considerable as the mechanism to improve economic growth. In general, the common definition of the inflation is that the inflation is a continuous rising process in the aspect of price. In other words, the value of the currency decreases continually.

The connection between unemployment and inflation has been a debatable subject, which has been discussed by economists all around the world for many years. However, it is this debate that has created the thinking about it. (Now that all of this was explained in detail, let’s get to the main point. First, explaining the consequences, reasons and how unemployment is measured, and later doing the same with inflation).

Some variables in Economics are very closely related to each other. In many cases, the combination of these variables can have an unexpected effect on the economy. One of these examples can be observed when we compare inflation and unemployment rate. To establish this comparison in a short-run period of time, it will be beneficial to use the Phillip Curve. This curve can be used as a tool to represent the positive relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short-run. In order to comprehend the positive relationship between inflation and unemployment first, we must know what inflation is, how we define unemployment, and how we can use the Phillip Curve to make a functional comparison of these two variables. Moreover, it will be very beneficial to analyze how expansionary fiscal policies affect the relationship between unemployment and inflation. If we understand the meaning of each of these variables in the economy, it will be easier to comprehend the logic of a short-run trade-off between unemployment and inflation.

Inflation, in the economic, can be described as the sustained increase in the level price of goods and services over a period of time. The effects of inflation can be diverse in the economy. It can affect the economy in positives and negatives ways. One of the negative way in which inflation affects the economy is that it increases the opportunity cost of holding money, in others words, it decreases the real value of money. A high and prolonged rate of inflation can also discourage saving and investment. Inflation is told to occur when there is an excessive increase in the money supply. Although, an excessive money supply does not necessarily causes inflation. Among the positive effects of inflation in the economy, we can talk about that it allows the central bank to

Inflation is another aspect of macroeconomic instability and is a rise in the general level of prices in an economy. When inflation occurs, every dollar of income will buy fewer goods and services than before and reduces the purchasing power of money. Inflation doesn’t always mean all prices are rising, and during periods of rapid inflation some prices may be constant and others may fall. Measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the two types are demand-pull and cost-push, and affects the nominal and real interest rates, unanticipated and anticipated inflation, nominal and real interest rates, and hyperinflation.

Inflation is considered to be one of the most “harmful” economic phenomena that manifest in contemporary economies, being considered a chronic disease difficult to control, which can cause recessions (Thornton, 2012, p. 119). Inflation is a serious imbalance in the currently economy and is represented by a generalized increase in prices and a simultaneous decrease in the purchasing power of the national currency. It is a final indicator that shows at the end of a fiscal period if the monetary, fiscal and legal policies were coordinating and were leading to consumer price stability. Deflation is often defined as the opposite of inflation, namely as a situation where there is a general decrease in prices over a long period of time. However,

Inflation is an aspect of macroeconomic instability and is a rise in the general level of prices in an economy. When inflation occurs, every dollar of income buys fewer goods and services than before and reduces the purchasing power of money. Inflation doesn’t always mean all prices are rising, and during periods of rapid inflation some prices may be constant and others may fall. It is measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the two types are demand-pull and cost-push, and affects the nominal and real interest rates, unanticipated and anticipated inflation, nominal and real interest rates, and hyperinflation.

Inflation is general defined as the devaluation of the currency with the comprehensive and continued rising price level, which means the purchase of money is persistent declining (James and Charles 1975). And this is generally considered as the result of the amount of money in circulation more than the actual needs of the economy. It will directly leads to the devaluation of paper money. If the income of residents do not change, then the living standard of citizens will dropped, which might result in the social and economic disorder and can negatively impact the development of the economy. However, within a certain period of time, moderate inflation can stimulate consumption, expand domestic demand and promote economic development (Trevithick and Mulvey 1996). For example, sometimes the government borrow money from the central bank to expand financial investment and take measures to ensure that the private sector investment is not reduced, which promote economic growth as a result of the increase in total investment. Another case is for producers that the speed of product prize rising is always faster than the that of the nominal wage, so the profit of the enterprise in the short term will increase, and the enterprise will expand investment, as a result, have an positive effect on the economy.

Between 2002 and 2004, the monetary freedom indictors decreased as a result of a number of factors, including a loss of policy credibility, currency weakness, deteriorating terms of trade and a reduction in fuel price subsidies. In 2004 the annual inflation reached 18.14%, Inflation became the principal threat to economic stability; the government intervened reforming the monetary policy. (see Exhibit 7)

This paper looks at the issue of inflation control as an objective of central banks. Viewing the British Commonwealth and Continental European models of ‘zero inflation’ in contrast with the moderate inflation policy of the US provides a case against zero inflation as a policy objective. A variety of issues that surround inflation; e.g., the inflation/unemployment relationship, etc, will be brought to the fore. In the final analysis, it is clear that efforts to eradicate inflation are misguided and more moderate inflation is preferable in an era where steady economic growth is desirable.

I would in the light of my understanding ascribe inflation as a consequence of human indiscretion due to wants and not of needs. People always have an insatiable desire for more and more goods that are describe by many as the economic problem. When I draw up my policy framework for the performance of the economy I will address and prioritize the following issues namely price stability (control inflation), full employment, balance of payments, equitable distribution of income in order to stimulate economic growth.

Considering the linkage between budget deficit and inflation the author Omnia A. Helmy(2008, November) said. Budget deficit did matter as a determinant of inflation according to some empirical studies on the nature and causes of inflation in Egypt. At the theoretical level, extensive literature has argued that the inflationary impact of budget deficit relies on upon the effect of the shortage on aggregate demand and the methods by which the deficit is financed. The "budget deficit-inflation" interface displays a two-way communication. That is, not just budget deficit create inflationary weight through its effect on cash totals and public expectations, additionally high inflation then has a criticism impact pushing up the budget deficit. The relationship between budget deficit and inflation is an important and controversial issue in the academic literature as well as in the economic policy field.