Endocrine Control Group Report

Explain the characteristics of the endocrine system that make its reactions different from those of the nervous system.

There is a complex interrelationship among the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system (Na+, appetite and thirst regulation), the kidneys, and the tissue capillary beds distribution of extracellular fluid volume). Any change at any of these sites affects the function at other sites. There is a basic law of kidneys that Na+ excretion is directly proportional to mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). A marginal increase in MABP causes significant increase in Na+ excretion.

Please describe in detail the structures and features you observed on the adrenal gland slide

Peptides hormones are usually large and hydrophilic charged, and cannot diffuse across a plasma membrane. Therefore the receptors they bind to are on the cell surface. When the peptide hormone binds to the receptor of the cells surface of the target cell it activates the receptor and as a result transmit a signal to the cellular interior. The purpose of this signal can be to turn on a protein kinase that phosphorylates (which is a modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated) specific proteins and alter their activity however it could also release a second messenger into the cell this cell can be calcium, this amplifies the signal and changes many different cellular

All of the data for the experiment was collected and averaged for the each of the urine characteristics and contents. The information designated important included the volume of liquid consumed, and amount of urine voided. Additional information was gathered in regards to the pH of the urine, as well as the averaged urine specific density across all of the tested groups. The contents of the urine was also tested for the presence of four substances that would indicate possible a failure in the renal system of the individuals that provided the urine.

There are two hormones in the body that contribute to the control of urine volume of composition: aldosterone and vasopressin. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone, acts on principal cells to promote water reuptake back into the body. This results in concentrated urine because most of the water is reabsorbed back into the blood. Fluid deprived subjects stimulated more vasopressin in order to retain as much water as possible in order to prevent dehydration as much as possible. As the blood volume in the fluid deprived subjects decreased, ADH was stimulated to increase water reabsorption by the principal cells into the blood stream to decrease the urine flow rate. Since ADH results in concentrated urine, there will be more ions present

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that may meddle with the body's endocrine system and deliver unfavorable formative, conceptive, neurological, and invulnerable impacts in the two people and natural life. Natural and manmade substances cause endocrine disruption such as dioxin-like compounds and other pesticides. Plastic bottles, laundry detergents, soap detergents, metal canned foods and a few other products may contain endocrine disruptors. What endocrine disruptors do is imitate the normally happening hormones inside the body such as androgens, estrogens and thyroid hormones causing them to over stimulate. While doing some research of my own on endocrine disruptors I found an article that talks about endocrine disruptors causing weight

In order to maintain homeostatic levels, the hormones ADH, which is released in response to increased plasma osmolarity to increase water reabsorption, and ANF, which leads to decreased sodium reabsorption due to an increase in vascular volume, are released to regulate salt and water concentration in the body. In this experiment, students tested the effects of drinking solutions of salt water on the factors of urine output, sodium chloride output, sodium chloride concentration, and

The serum sodium levels appear to be higher than normal because the water is shifting from the ECF into the intracellular compartments (ICF).

“Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a disorder of insufficient activity of ADH, leading to polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (frequent drinking)” (Huether & McCance, 2012, P.449). There are two forms, neurogenic or central DI can occur with injury or some drug to posterior pituitary gland interferes with abnormalities in ADH secretion. Second nephrogenic is failure of the renal tubes to concentrate urine in respond to ADH. In DI the individual has difficulty concentrating urine whether partial or total. The lack of ADH allows filtered water to be excreted in the urine instead of reabsorbed. Results in excretion of large volumes of dilute urine, leading to increase plasma osmolality. The disorder triggers excessive urination and thirst and fluid intake. Urine output can range from 1 to 2 liter/day averaging 8 to 12 liter/day with low specific gravity. Loss of fluid output without replacement the individual can rapidly develop dehydration. The individual that is unable to maintain the appropriate water balance hypernatremia and hyperosmolality will occur. Laboratory test a 24hour urine, serum electrolyte and glucose level. Urine

Here at RaeBost Memorial hospital our endocrinologist can diagnose and treat hormone problems and the complications that arise from them. Whether you are suffering from a genetic hormone imbalance such as neurofibromatosis (NF), or one from environmental factors such as hyponatremia we can help. Often times our patients are referred to our clinic because their primary physician suspects an underlying cause is related to hormone production. We often treat patients suffering from obesity, hirsutism, hyperthyroidism and even corticoadrenal insufficiency. Our Endocrinologist has ample experience with those that have been diagnosed with Cushing Syndrome, and Growth Hormone (GH) disorders whether its dwarfism, giantism or acromegaly.

There are seven aquaporins found in the kidney (Nielsen et al, 2002). AQP2 is the main vasopressin regulated water pore (Kortenoeven and Fenton, 2014) and is expressed in the kidney collecting duct principal cells (Nielsen et al, 2002). Vasopressin (ADH) stimulates reabsorption of water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of kidney tubules (Bowen, 2006). When water level in the body is low, more secretion of ADH and thus an increase in AQP2 expression (ibid). This increases the driving force for reabsorption of water which causes the production of concentrated urine (ibid). In the kidney, AVP (vasopressin species containing arginine) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and binds to vasopressin type-2-receptors which are present in the collecting duct principal cells and connecting tubule cells, thus induces a signalling cascade which involves G protein mediated activation of adenylate cyclase (Kortenoeven and Fenton, 2014). This signalling transduction pathway (Nielsen et al, 2002) increases the trafficking of AQP2 into the apical membrane from the vesicles and increases the water permeability of the apical plasma membrane. After the water balance in the body is restored, levels of ADH drops and the apical membrane permeability of water returns to a normal level (Kortenoeven and Fenton, 2014). AQP2 returns to the intracellular vesicles and is either results in being destroyed

I met with Ms. Cortes on 4.26.16 with the understanding, I would approached Ms. Cortes for a urine sample with a staff member of Project Home . They went to her before I arrived and she refused to take a urine test. She claims DCPP told her, she does not have to comply with Project Home rules.

The urine volume, estimated osmolality and urine output were calculated and recorded Results: Table 1 – Tabulated data: Urine output and specific gravity of 15 volunteers at various time intervals after water consumption Time 0 Time 20 Time 40 Time 60 Code Volume Specific Volume Specific Volume Specific Volume Specific Name ml Gravity ml Gravity ml Gravity ml Gravity Urine Idiot 150 1.025 50 1.021 225 1.004 laquisha 250 1.016 100 1.012 380 1.001 batman 25 1.028 30 1.02 250 1.003 Moon Knight 360 1.021 50 1.022 220 1.003 Last one 20 1.029 25 1.019 220 1.002 Toby 95 1.027 75 1.025 110 1.011 265 1.004 50 Cent 430 1.005 100 1.009 240 1.002 350 1.002 Xena 250 1.009 100 1.013 200 1.003 320 1.002 minions 180 1.018 75 1.013 160 1.003 200 1.002 Joel 200 1.007 160 1.006 480 1.001 470 1.001 R.Kelly 50 1.023 35 1.023 160 1.003 190

This is a meta-analysis type of study on the importance of hydration. The basic and most important part of our nutrition is Water. Survival becomes a question, in absence of water. According to Nicolaidis S., 1998, for cellular homeostasis and life, water is fundamental; with 75% body weight in newborn children to 55% in elder population. But still there are many inquiries concerning this most basic need of our body and our eating routine.