Endocrine Pancreas Research Paper

This means when blood glucose levels rise above the optimum level, the organ’s cells can’t absorb the glucose into the cells, and the liver can’t convert it into glycogen to store, like it usually would if insulin were present. (5) Type 2 diabetes is when the body doesn’t recognize the insulin and therefore cannot spread the glucose out of the blood to the rest of the body’s organs. As a result of the high levels of glucose, the pancreas (The Detector) detects this and as a result produces more insulin to help it spread through the body and lower the blood glucose levels. This keeps happening and is an example of a negative feedback system until the it eventually shuts down and no longer is produced. Both types of diabetes cause a disruption in the homeostatic process

The common bile duct originates in the liver and the gallbladder and produces another important digestive juice called bile. The pancreatic juices and bile that are released into the duodenum, help the body to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Endocrine Function: The endocrine component of the pancreas consists of islet cells that create and release important hormones directly into the bloodstream. Two of the main pancreatic hormones are insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, and glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels is crucial to the functioning of key organs including the brain, liver, and kidneys.

29 million people in the United States (9.3 percent) have diabetes, and of those 29 million approximately 7.25 million are unaware that they are diabetic (www.cdc.gov). Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body 's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Diabetes can be divided into two groups: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile diabetes and is usually found in children and young adults. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. Type 1 diabetes restricts the body from producing insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. Type 1 diabetes can be managed by using insulin therapy and other treatments to help those infected maintain insulin to convert sugars, starches and foods into energy(www.diabetes.org). Type 2 diabetes is the most common, people with Type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance meaning the body does not use insulin properly. At first, the pancreas makes a surplus insulin to compensate for the lack on insulin in your body. However, over time your pancreas is not able to keep up and can not make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose at normal levels(www.diabetes.org). Complications of diabetes in the long term include potential heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.

In type 2 diabetes a person’s body produces insulin, but the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain bodily functions or the body cannot use the insulin the way it is supposed to. When the body is unable to use insulin properly it is known as insulin resistance. “When there isn’t enough insulin or the insulin is not used as it should be, glucose (sugar) can’t get into the body’s cells” (WebMD, n.d.). When this happens glucose builds up in the blood and is not absorbed by the cells, which causes the body to not function properly. Some of the subsequent damage that can develop as a result of this

Over time the receptors on the cells become desensitized to the insulin and the body comes resistant to its effect. Initially the pancreas is able to compensate for this resistance by producing more insulin. However over time the pancreas cannot keep up to overcome the insulin resistance. Eventually the body will lose its ability to lower the blood glucose and levels (source 2). Glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by cells in the body leading two type two diabetes. This process is simplified and shown throw figure one. (Source 1) However this process can take a long time and symptoms can even take years to emerge. (Source

Diabetes in general is when there is a problem with your body that causes the blood glucose (sugar) to rise higher than they normally would. This can also be known as Hyperglycemia. Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition and will affect the way the body processes the blood sugar (glucose). Type 2 Diabetes can also be known as Adult Onset Diabetes. In 90%-95% of all diabetic cases, Type 2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. A person typically gets diabetes after the age of 40, but anyone can get it at any age. It is now being seen in young children everyday. If you have Type 2 Diabetes, it either means one of two things. The first being that your body doesn’t produce enough insulin. The second being that your body seems to resist insulin. This can be referred to as insulin resistance. In the beginning, your pancreas will be able to make the extra insulin. Unfortunately, over time it won’t be able to keep up with it and won’t be able to keep your blood glucose at the normal levels that it should be. When the glucose starts building up in your blood, instead of in your cells, it can cause two main problems. The first problem is that your cells may be starved for energy. The second problem is that over a period of time, the high blood glucose levels can start to even hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves, or heart. No one should have to go through Type 2 Diabetes, but several people do. In the below paragraphs, I will explain the causes/risk factors, signs and symptoms,

Type 2: In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, however the body doesn’t respond to it as it should, this is because the quantities of the insulin being produced are insufficient, or the body’s cells just don’t react to it and so the glucose levels in the system remain high. Type 2 diabetes is a ‘progressive disease’ and can get worse if it is not managed properly. Long term effects of high blood sugar can result in heart disease or kidney

ptors and The pancreas is the organ responsible for the maintenance of blood glucose levels. The pancreas is the biggest gland in the body and part of the endocrine system responsible for the production of hormones. Hormones coordinate many body processes and circulate in the blood searching for hormone receptors. Since the pancreas secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, islets of langerhans are situated very close to capillaries in the liver so there is a short diffusion distance. Cells are unresponsive to a hormone if they lack the appropriate receptors. When insulin binds to its specialised receptor protein, it changes the shape of the intracellular portion of the receptors. This activates enzymatic activity causing glucose transporters,

Pancreas functions to regulate the body’s insulin or glucose levels. (Crosta) The pancreas is a gland organ and it is in the abdomen. It produces important enzymes and hormones that help break down food. (Crosta) This organ is both endocrine and exocrine. It functions as an endocrine because it releases hormones directly

The pancreas is a glandulous organ located within the abdominal cavity. According to Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pathophysiology book, it can be found sitting behind the stomach, with the larger portioned neck and head towards the duodenum, while its smaller portioned tail remains next to the spleen. Although the pancreas can sometimes be an organ easily overlooked, it is a segment of each person with fundamental responsibilities. What makes the pancreas unique and complex is its dual purpose. Not only does this fragment of the body provide an endocrine function, it is also an organ of exocrine function as well. The differences amongst both occupations is that the endocrine glands involvement deals with secreting hormones, typically within the body’s circulatory system; and for the exocrine ration, its position is to emit enzymes that are directly linked to the digestive system. Essentially, the pancreas’ unique di-functioning arrangement allows the body to properly digest the foods people eat and still maintain healthy levels of pancreatic secretions and blood glucose

Within the pancreas endocrine cells are formed into islets, which are clusters of endocrine cells. These islets secrete insulin and glucagon, which are the blood glucose regulating hormones. Insulin is released from these islets when the blood glucose levels are too high. It activates muscle tissue and fatty tissue to take in extra blood sugar to help compensate for the high levels in the blood. When the levels are too high, the glucose can’t enter the cells and be used for energy. Glucagon is released when the blood glucose level is too low and helps the body release stored sugar into the blood. If blood glucose gets too low, then the body can’t function right. (“Anatomy and Physiology of the Pancreas”). Of these two hormones insulin is the more important of the two in regards to affecting glucose levels and with helping with the negative feedback loop for regulating blood glucose levels.

1. Once known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes or adult-onset, type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes that unfortunately many can be diagnose with at any age, even during childhood. In fact this disability has been known to affect 90% to 95% of the 26 million people who have diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic or lifelong condition that affects the way the body produces, maintains, and consumes glucose (sugar) which is the body’s most important fuel. While having type 2 diabetes the body will either not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal glucose level or just resist the effects of insulin all together. Once this occurs glucose can’t get into the body’s cells which leads to a buildup in the blood that will make the body’s cells not function properly. This issue associated with the buildup can cause many complications that can be harmful to the body or even life threatening. (Type 2 diabetes WebMd)

The pancreas is the gland that’s involved in this form of diabetes. When the body has too much glucose levels in the blood, there isn’t a moderate amount of the insulin hormone that is being released by the pancreas. Therefore, the body’s blood control is corrupted and so the body dosen’t work efficiently.

The endocrine system, along with the nervous system, functions in the arrangement of the bodies activities. The nervous system undertakes electrical inclination and neurotransmitters to cause muscle contraction. The endocrine system operates through chemical messages called hormones. Hormones can influence development, growth and metabolic movements. The pancreas is a gland that is found in between the abdomen, stomach and the spine. The liver, intestine, and other organs surround the pancreas. The pancreas is about 6 inches long. The biggest part of the pancreas is the head, the middle section is the body, and the thinnest part is the tail. The pancreas is an organ in the upper abdomen. Functioning as an exocrine gland. The pancreas excretes enzymes to break down the

Normally, the sugars and carbohydrates a person eats breaks down into a special compound called glucose. Glucose fuels the cells in the body. In order to take in the glucose and use it for energy, the cells need insulin, a hormone, in the bloodstream. With diabetes mellitus, either the body doesn't make enough insulin or it can't use the insulin it does produce. Since the cells can't take in the glucose, it builds up in the blood. High levels of blood glucose can damage blood vessels in the many organs and the nervous system. That's why diabetes, when left untreated, can eventually cause many illnesses such as heart disease, strokes, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage. The treatments can be found in drugs which are injected into the bloodstream as a form of insulin, which gives the body the ability to use the stored energy from the food a person ate. The long term prognosis is that injections will need to be taken for the rest of a person’s life in order to cause