Endocrine Research Paper Pathophysiology: Diabetes Mellitus

This report will focus on the endocrine system and how it is supporting the body to function well. The link between the effects of the endocrine system and type 2 diabetes will be highlighted. A clear distinction of normal endocrine functions will be explained and in addition the effects due to the condition of type 2 diabetes. The normal human body consists of two main systems which work together to sustain homeostasis. The two systems involved are the nervous system and the endocrine system. (1)

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Type 1 diabetes involves insufficient or no release of the hormone insulin by the pancreas and therefore requires daily insulin therapy while Type 2 diabetes results from either insufficient release of insulin or general inability of insulin to act on certain body cells, such as muscle cells and may or may not require insulin therapy.

THe symptoms for type one diabetes include; urinating often, being very thirsty, blurred vision, and easy fatigue. The symptoms for type two diabetes are largely different. its symptoms included excessive hunger, excessive thirst, weight gain, and poor wound healing. The main cause of type one is due to the immune system. The persons body's immune destroys beta cells which produce insulin, so their bodies can't make their own insulin. THe cause of type two is basically due to lifestyle and a person's genetics. However, people with type two diabetes can actually produce their own insulin but their body can't recognize it and therefore can't use it. Therefore, many people with diabetes use insulin shots. Since people with type one can't make insulin and people with type two can't use their own they must use it from the shot. Also exercising regularly and eating healthy can also be solutions for both of these

Type 1 diabetes ‘usually develops in childhood or adolescence’ (WHO 2011, p. 2), and will result in death if the disease is not treated by consistent insulin injection. This type of diabetes is slightly more complex as it is substantially caused by gene mutation (WHO 2011, p. 2). The World Health Organization (2011, p. 2), describes the aetiology of the disease as the ‘autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas.’

Type 1 diabetes is a life long auto-immune condition where the immune system is activated to destroy the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Scientists are not sure what causes this auto-immune reaction (Vanstone et al. 2015). It can occur at any age, although it is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents or young adults. The immune system incorrectly sees the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas as foreign, therefore it destroys them. The role of these insulin-producing cells is to sense glucose in the blood, and in response produce the essential amount of insulin to regulate the blood sugar (Griffiths & Payne 2014 pp. 390-391). Insulin’s role is to get glucose from the bloodstream into the body’s cells. Without insulin,

Learning about diabetes is the first step to take to prevent the spread of this disease in the nation. There are two major types of diabetes. There is type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes. Type one diabetes, forms when the body immune system mistakenly identifies pancreatic cells of being a foreign body invader. This causes the immune system to attack and eliminate the pancreatic cells. As a result of this body malfunction, insulin production drastically drops or in worse possible scenario having no production of insulin. Insulin is a very important hormone that the body needs in order to be able to use glucose (sugar) for energy. Insulin also helps in managing blood sugar keep it from being too high or too low.The second and the

Diabetes is a chronic, non-communicable disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016). Type 2 Diabetes is where cells are insulin resistant (WHO, 2016). Genetic factors and age influence risk of diabetes, but behavioural risk factors like obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking increases risk of type 2 diabetes (WHO, 2010). Diabetes lead to other health issues, like cardiovascular diseases (CVD), blindness, kidney failure, and foot ulcers, which may require limb amputation, and premature mortality(Ministry Of Health (MOH), 2012).

Diabetes falls under two categories. Type 1, which is an autoimmune disease and is hereditary. In the United States as of 2012, statistics show that “29.1 million people have diabetes. Of the 29.1 million, 21.0 million were undiagnosed with Type 1”(Statistics About Diabetes, 2014). Type 2, which were formally known as “adult- onset” is where the “insulin target cells located on the target cells have changed in some ways and are no longer able to receive the insulin when it arrives to the target cell”(Caroline, N pg. 124). As many as 3 million Americans may have Type 1 diabetes. Each year, “more than 15,000 children and 15,000 adults – approximately 80 people per day – are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in the U.S.” (JDRF, 2014).

Diabetes is a chronic disease which can be described according to its causes, symptoms and types. Diabetes is a chronic situation that affects the human body's capability to use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that directs the level of sugar in the blood. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), diabetes affects 25.8 million people. The causes of diabetes are diverse. However, genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are one of causes. Heredity has critical impact in figuring out why should likely create type 1 diabetes. Environmental factors, such as foods, viruses, and toxins, may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes . Symptoms of diabetes vary from one person to

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting the endocrine system. The incidence of DM in the United States has reached over 29 million citizens (Diabetes Latest, 2014). Of the 29 million, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) estimate that 1 in 4 are unaware of their condition. DM can be categorized into three different diseases: Type One, Type Two, and Gestational. Types one and two are diagnosed anytime throughout a patient’s life; gestational is DM that is diagnosed during pregnancy. This paper will focus on types one and two. DM is a disease that presents many challenges for the patient. Through an effective medication regimen and healthy lifestyle modifications, the patient is able to live a

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder which can occur from insufficient insulin secretion. Insulin is a hormone which is secreted by the pancreas and regulates BGLs (Loghmani, 2005; Nussey & Whitehead, 2001). Type 1 diabetes is also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this, the body produces no, or very little, insulin which can lead to chronic hyperglycaemia. Thus the chances of microvascular, metabolic and infectious complications increase, which can result in increased incidence of retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular mortality (Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 [DM Type 1], 2014). It usually appears during childhood and adolescence but may occur at any age. The chances of IDDM are equal among males and females and are more common in European people (Type 1 Diabetes Trial Net, n.d.). Mayo Clinic (2014) reports, that the people of Finland and Sardinia have 400 times higher chances of having IDDM than people of Venezuela.

Diabetes is caused when a person’s blood sugar level becomes too high. This is often described as a lifelong condition. There are two types of Diabetes within the UK; Type 1 Diabetes, where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that the body uses to produce insulin. This can develop over weeks or even days. Type 2 Diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body’s cells do not react to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. Many people can suffer from type 2 Diabetes for many years without realising due to symptoms being so broad. Many people have blood sugar levels above the normal rate. This suggests that there is a risk of developing full diabetes in the future. However, sometimes it is not high enough to be diagnosed as having diabetes. This is known as pre-diabetes. It is extremely important to diagnosis diabetes as soon as possible as it progressively gets worse over time if it’s not treated (NHS.UK, 2016). There are many risk factors that can have the likelihood impact on developing diabetes, such as in males or females, food preferences, pregnancy, obesity, genetics, damaging effects and race and ethnicity. These risk factors and their trends will be discussed in depth later in this essay.

Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder resulting from inappropriate function of the pancreatic hormone insulin. Diabetes has two primary classifications, Type 1 and Type II. Type 1, also referred to as Juvenile Diabetes, occurs as an autoimmune process in which the body’s immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, the cells that produce insulin. Without an efficient amount of insulin, the body is susceptible to hyperglycemia. Type 1 DM is commonly found in adolescents and young adults, making up 5% of the population with diabetes. Clients with Type 1 require supplemental insulin, which contributes to the disorder’s other name—Insulin Dependent

There are several different causes of Type 1 Diabetes. According to resources, they say the exact cause in Type 1 diabetes is unknown. Possibly that is the immune system which fights bad bacteria or viruses, and destroys the insulin in the pancreas, which leaves little or no insulin after all. Instead of being transported into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is a special hormone that is needed to convert sugar into daily needed energy. Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream. Therefore that is not the same as type 2 diabetes. In type 2 people make still make insulin, the illness and symptoms tend to develop gradually. Sometimes diabetes can be caused by a malfunction in the pancreas or may simply be an inherited disease, or some genetic factor. The pancreas produces insulin into the bloodstream.