Endorphins Psychology

Neurotransmitters send messages to different parts of the body that trigger certain behaviors. For example, acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that has an effect on movement by being released to muscle cell receptors that cause muscles to contract. Researchers have found that the brain produces its own opiates and therefore certain drugs can trigger them. The problem with this is that the brain begins to rely on those drugs and stops producing their own natural opiates. This can cause struggle and lead to addiction. Certain drugs alter neurotransmitters by either mimicking or blocking them. Agonist molecules can bind to a similar neurotransmitter to mimic and enhance its effects, while antagonists bind to neurotransmitters but block its

It is never proven if Flynn has actually committed any crime, but Aloysius is determined to prove that she is right. She bases a lot of her accusation on her experience in the past with a similar situation.

Opioids (including natural and synthetic) work by binding to opioid receptors in the CNS sending inaccurate signals to the brain about the intensity of pain being experienced, which results in a sedating feeling. Opioids affect how brain feels pleasure. In the event of consuming opioids while not experiencing pain, a person would experience elation, intense joy and comfort. Both aforementioned feelings act as positive reinforcement of opioids. The bodily response of using opioids weakens after a while of use, and the user starts to build up a tolerance. The continual usage of opioids changes how the brain works, where the brain learns to crave opioids when opioids are not available to maintain a ‘normal’ stable state. The CNS starts to send

Pain not only involves the physical reaction to damaged tissue, but also involves an emotional and cognitive response by the person experiencing the pain (Backer, 1994). A person's prior experience will influence how pain is managed. Pain is a signal that something is not

By attaching to opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body they reduce the sending of pain messages to the brain and reduce feelings of pain. The part of the brain that controls emotions are also changed and cause a person to feel relaxed and extremely happy, a euphoric state of being. This is when a person starts to crave the drug, the brain is saying it wants more. Natural endorphins are produced by a healthy brain on its own. Powerful cravings and physical dependence are due to the brain no longer producing the natural kind of endorphins because after

For people suffering from physical (and emotional) pain, that euphoria is a sensation that is too good to pass up. As a result, they end up getting stuck in a dangerous cycle: using their Oxycontin to both kill their pain and to chase the excitement of that first high.

Endogenous opioids work together to modulate pain by activating different types of opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ, ORL1). In contrast, most exogenous opioids are primarily using μ receptors to dampen pain. T exogenous opioids will disproportionately activate feelings of euphoria and breathing by activating every μ receptor in the brain/spinal cord to successfully diminish the sensations of pain. There is a relationship between this disproportionate activation and our problems of addiction, dependence, and overdosing.

the brain, flooding it with the neurotransmitter dopamine. This produces euphoria, and the heightened pleasure can be so compelling that the brain wants that feeling back again and again. Unfortunately, with repeated use of a drug, the brain becomes accustomed to the dopamine surges by producing less of it. So the user has to take more of the drug to feel the same pleasure — the phenomenon known as tolerance.

Opioids are pain relievers that bind to opioid receptors on nerve cells throughout the body. They produce feelings of euphoria, tranquility and sedation. However, opioids are “considered the most harmful of all illicit drugs” (Amato et al., 2005, p.321).

both the beneficial effects, and the undesirable side effects. Opioids are classified in to natural opiates, semi synthetic opiates, fully synthetic opiates, and endogenous opioid peptides. The three receptors found in the body are delta, mu, and kappa.

Opioids are highly addictive and dangerous drugs, but have some medicinal use. The most common clinical use of opioid narcotics is as an analgesic to relieve pain (Fleckenstein, Hanson, & Venturelli, 2015, p. 276.). Opioid narcotics are used for pain relief. Once consumed, opioids activate receptors that are controlled by endorphins (Fleckenstein, et al., 2015, p. 277.). Endorphins are proteins that are released into the brain when one

These pain relievers are small polypeptide chains made in the brain and are also responsible for the feelings of euphoria encountered when you eat spicy food or after exercise. Opioid drugs mimic the action of these peptide chains, however some enkephalins are a thousand times as effective as drugs such as morphine. Because of this, chemists are trying to synthesise new drugs based on the enkephalins but their duration of analgesic action is short as they can be easily hydrolysed in the body by the enzyme peptidase2.3,10.

In contrast to ecstasy and cocaine, which increase the secretion of natural neurotransmitters by blocking transporters, ‘direct agonists’ imitate natural endogenous neuromediators and bind to their receptors. Heroin and cannabis are both examples of direct agonists.

Analects, a compilation of Confucius’ teachings, is greatly recognized as a work of utmost importance and influence in the Chinese culture. The book conveys Confucius’ beliefs on a wide variety of topics, including propriety, education, family relations, and government in efforts to enhance social order.

Engwall (2009) defined pain as a "symptom and a warning that something is wrong in an organism” (p 370). Rathmell et al., (2006) maintained that fear of uncontrolled pain can be a traumatic situation for a patient undergoing surgery. Moreover, Pellino, et al (2005) sustained that “pain is a multidimensional experience, consisting of not only physical stimuli but also psychological interpretations of pain” (p. 182). Alleviating peri-operative pain is traditionally achieved with the use of pharmacological interventions. analgesia can incur undesirable side-effects like drowsiness, nausea and vomiting. Controlling the pain by complimenting analgesics with the use of non-pharmacological interventions, might ameliorate patients’ response to pain with fewer resultant side-effects. Thus, the need to evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological measures such as music, relaxation, hypnosis and others is highly solicited in the evolving heath system (Pyati & Gan, 2007).