Endosymbiont Hodgkinia Case Study

The topic I decided to do my paper on is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in this paper I will talk about what Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is different kinds of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, treatment, statistics, and the survival rate. I will also talk about the staging system, risk factors, how it can be found early, if it can be prevented, what causes the disease, symptoms and signs of the disease, and how it is diagnosed and treated.

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a cancer that effects part of the immune system. The lymphatic system is knots of tissue. Lymph nodes work as tiny filters, straining out foreign organisms and cells. The lymphatic system provides important white blood cells called lymphocytes. The body has a reaction to infection that may cause lymph nodes to swell and get tender As Hodgkin’s Lymphoma progresses it makes it more difficult for the body to fight infection. Lymphoma occurs when the lymph node cells begin to multiply uncontrollably; this can lead to producing malignant cells that have the ability to invade other tissues throughout the body. It is common in two different age groups 15-35 and older adults over age 50. It is slightly more common in males, and Caucasians. There has been some progress in treating Hodgkin’s lymphoma, most people with this diagnosis will be long term survivors.

Knox, B., Ladiges, P., Evans, B. & Saint, R., n.d. Biology: An Australian Focus. 5th Edition ed. North Ryde(New South Wales): McGraw Hill Australia PTY LTD.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) is a subset of lymphomas associated with cancerous growths within the cells of the immune system, lymphocytes. B-cells and T-cells, the major cells of our immune system are the lymphocytes that are most affected in NHL. Around 90% of NHL cases involve cancerous B-cells with the remaining 10% being T-cell lymphoma. The majority of the cases of T-cell lymphoma in the united states are classified as peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLS). Identifying this lymphoma as peripheral refers not to a specific site within our body, but rather because PTCLs come from mature T-cells circulating throughout our body, peripheral to the thymus (Horwitz, 2007). The classification of PTCL can be applied to a number of different, rare

The most common sign of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a lump under the arm, in the neck, or groin, which is an enlarged lymph node (6). The lump does not typically hurt, but the area may become tender after consuming alcohol (6). The lump could grow larger over time and new lumps may appear within the same vicinity, or even different parts of the body (6). Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is not the only cause of lymph node swelling. Most enlarged lymph nodes are caused by an infection, these are referred to as reactive or hyperplastic nodes (6). This type of swelling is typically painful to touch and will return to normal size within a few weeks after the infection is gone (6).

Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Hodgkin’s disease) “…is a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed Sternberg cells, which are located in the lymph nodes.” (Lewis, p. 669) According to Medscape, “The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes Hodgkin’s lymphoma into five types. Nodular sclerosing, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted, and lymphocyte rich are the four types referred to as classical Hodgkin lymphoma. The fifth type, nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), is a distinct entity with unique clinical features and a different treatment paradigm.” (Lash, 2015) In classical Hodgkin’s disease, monocytes and macrophages cause hyperplasia in the lymph nodes causing destruction of lymph tissue. According to Lewis, “the disease is believed to arise in a single location (it originates in

Lymphoma affecting approximately 79,000 victims/pt in the united states each year. victims because they are harmed for yet unknown causes. Two diseases Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma similar names and symptoms , yet two different diseases with multiple subtypes within the disease.

Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system and as it progresses it can spread to other parts of the body and it affects the immune system and its ability to fight infections (Mayo clinic). This type of cancer affects thousands of people per year, and it its signs and symptoms are different from other cancers. These signs and symptoms, in addition with other tests can help diagnosed the disease. Once the disease is diagnosed, the patient can be received the proper treatment, but the proper treatment does not guarantee complete recovery. Sometimes the same treatment can later on put the person at risk for other malignancies or leave the person with long lasting effects.

The disease that I chose is Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NLPHL), a type of cancer, but specifically a type of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. I have chosen this because a year ago I was battling it. One day I was a normal teenager and the next, I was getting to know the Hematology Oncology clinic that I’d be spending a numerous amount of days in.

Primary role of the mitochondria is that, the main function of mitochondria is the making the energy during the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and through the TCA Cycle (which is also as the Krebs cycle and the Citric Acid Cycle). Mitochondria make about 90% of a cell's energy, and in addition to hold their own genomes in the format in a double-stranded circular molecule called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This is also known determine the cause and effect of oxidative stress to be damaging. This will be useful for this class to explore issues relating to mitochondrial DNA integrity and how it can be damaged, repaired, mutated, and compromised in human

Lymphoma is a type of lymphatic cancer. There are two different types of lymphoma called Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin. These two lymphomas are rendered cancerous because they not only invade but also destroy normal tissues (Very 2016.) The major differences between these two categories are how the cancer behaves, spreads, and responds to treatment. To determine which lymphoma is present, the cancer cells can be identified under a microscope. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common form, representing 95% of all cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (Flavell 2010.) This cancer normally begins in the lymph nodes in the upper part of the body.

Although there is no established treatment for PCNSL, therapeutic protocols involving treatment with high dose methotrexate followed in some cases by the general WBRT were taken and given relatively favorable results. These protocols can not be used to treat several patients either reduced the overall condition of the patient or a number of other complications. There is also the dilemma when these protocols that the patient may develop leukoencephalopathy, especially an elderly patient are used. Although generally reserved for use as GKS treatemtn or provisional in patients with this type of tumor extent, there are conditions in which we perform less invasive technique in patients with PCNSL. Here we summarize the results of our cases and assess the efficiency and effectiveness of GKS in treating HIV patients.

Last Wednesday, I shadowed Jennifer, Amy, and Laura on the eighth floor Infusion Clinic for four hours. Jennifer was the first nurse there that morning. She graduated from Marion University and developed her IV skills with a mentor while working in Interventional Radiology. On that unit, a lot of the patients had Chronic Kidney Disease, so hand IVs were performed to save patients’ arm veins for dialysis. She does not have any additional certifications related to IVs. She enjoys working in the infusion clinic because she loves oncology. Her number one tip for starting IVs is to always try on a patient because facing a challenge is a great way to learn.

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a species of diatom: a eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic organism (a result of secondary endosymbiosis) that produces a silicified cell wall. P. tricornutum was chosen to be the second diatom to have its full genome sequenced because it had already been studied for decades and there were substantial genetic resources, including more than 100 000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), available for it. As a model system, P. Tricornutum is small, reproduces asexually with no loss in size and is easy to culture. In fact, the clone that was sequenced was taken from a monoclonal culture, which came from a strain isolated in 1956 and continually maintained in F/2 medium. Its genome is approximately 27.4 megabases in size,

The hypothesis for eukaryote origin states that a large, anaerobic prokaryote engulfed an aerobic bacterium, which hasn’t been digested but stabilized as an endosymbiont instead, became integrated into host cells as mitochondria (Yamaguchi et al, 2012). Up until now there has not been many organisms that show features of a transition