Endosymbiont Theory

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

After the DNA has been turned into mRNA a process called translation occurs and it turns the mRNA into tRNA.

RNA processing: In eukaryotic cells, introns, non-coding regions of RNA, are removed and a tail and a cap is added to RNA to help its movement.

Polypeptides’ creation is a long process that involves your DNA. A polypeptide is basically a protein that is bonded between amino acids. DNA triplets also involve in the creation of polypeptides. Inside the DNA the mRNA enters inside and copies the code. Since the DNA can’t leave the nucleus the mRNA is the messenger for the DNA. Which is called transcription since the mRNA copies the sequences and order of the bases. Then the DNA strands split up into two strands and an enzyme will encase it to be copied or let it be paired up with other bases. As the enzyme is replacing itself with nitrogen bases the second strand is being transferred out of the nucleus. The strands that are being transferred out of the nucleus can be paired up with tRNA

Then the pre-initiation complex is form at the TATA box. Then uses cellular DNA-dependent RNA polymerase mediated transcription at the viral promoter site. During transcription mRNAs are capped and poly-adenylation by host enzymes. Then mRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm for translation into early proteins and migrate back to the nucleus, which mediates viral DNA replication4.

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids, which are all proteins. Proteins are made and developed outside the nucleus; in the ribosome. The way strung amino acids are put together is very important. The individual 3D and sequence must be correct, or else you will have a completely different protein. There are two different types of RNA which are involved in the entire process. They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA, in the process of making new proteins, makes a copy of a gene which exits the nucleus. It sends the information which is needed to make new polypeptides. You might think that it goes straight to connecting to the ribosome, but it does not. First the copy of the gene goes to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

A ribosome has two sites where tRNA can bind. As a result, of the events outlined above, the initiation codon, AUG, on the mRNA molecule is positioned at the first of these sites on the ribosome, the peptidyl (P) site. The mRNA codon for the second Amino Acid is lined up with the second site, the aminoacyl (A) site. From this point, the

RNAi is a cellular process that actively silences specific genes. This method of post-translational gene regulation has been observed in many organisms including plants, fungi, some bacteria and animals. RNAi inhibits protein synthesis of the target transcript by the use of small RNA molecules that target messenger RNA (mRNA) within the cytoplasm following transcription by an RNA polymerase. RNAi occurs during translation of the mRNA by inhibiting the action of Ribosomes that catalyse this process within

The resultant products are then degraded by ribonucleases and the ribozyme dissociates itself from the RNA products and binds to another mRNA to be cleaved. (Missailidis, 2008)

The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa; others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multi-cellular organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest bacteria-like mycoplasmas, which are 0.1 micrometer in diameter, to the egg yolks of ostriches, which are about 8 cm (about 3 in) in diameter. Although they may differ widely in appearance and function, all cells have a surrounding membrane and an internal, water-rich substance called the cytoplasm, the composition of which differs significantly from the external environment of the cell. Within the cell is genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),

There are three major branches on the tree of life. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria is the oldest domain and contains all true bacteria. Bacteria, unlike archaeans do not back DNA-binding proteins, and for this reason scientists placed bacteria on a separate branch than archaea and eukarya. Bacteria are one celled organisms that have a cell wall and lack membrane/organelles. Bacteria occurs in all environments on Earth.

The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and binds RNA nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T. The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the

The Word cell comes from latin cella, meaning small room. The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living things. They are the smallest unit of life that can be reproduce independently. The material dedicated to study the characteristics and functions of cells is called cell biology. There is a statement which says that from one cell the many, from many cells the individual. In this essay we will mention some characteristics of the cells, and the concepts of mitosis and meiosis will be explained.

Ribonucleoprotein complexes demonstrate that RNA protein interactions are important for many essential biological processes. One of the most profound examples is the ribosome, which is a complex of protein and rRNA molecules that serves as the site for the translation of messenger RNAs into proteins. For example, eukaryotic cells