Energy Joint Genome Institute ( Mpi ) For Terrestrial Microbiology

In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.

The unknown bacteria plate chosen was plate #2. It was identified to be Micrococcus luteus. It is a gram positive, Coccus bacteria that is commonly found in dust, water, soil, and the air. M. luteus also thrives in the human mouth and upper respiratory tract. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered it in 1928 before he identified penicillin. It is part of the normal flora on human skin as well as other mammals. Since it is part of normal flora it is normally not pathogenic, but can become opportunistic in an immune-deficient person. It has been known to cause septic shock, UTI’s, and even pneumonia. Micrococcus luteus is both urease and catalase positive. It does not utilize tryptophan for indole production. It is a facultative anaerobe. Mobility is not present for this bacterium. Starch is also not hydrolyzed and oxidase is not present.

The citric acid cycle has been described as “the hub of the metabolic wheel”. Discuss the roles of the citric acid cycle in the oxidation of various fuel molecules and the provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis.

Entering human body is not easy. The bacteria and other harmful materials can enter human body either via food or cuts and injuries on the skin. However, there foreign agents are not always welcomed in the human body. There are immune cells that fight harmful agents. The immunity system in the human body identifies harmful microbes like bacteria, viruses, and others and provides defense to the body against these substances. There are antigens present in viruses, fungi, or bacteria and these antigens are normally proteins or toxins, chemicals, drugs, etc. that show the presence of foreign harmful agent. The immunity system of man identifies these antigens and fights the microbes producing them.

This research paper is a primary research paper because the paper indicates that a study was done by several biologist and scientist on the microbial community in the Rhizosphere. Therefore, all the research, answers, and conclusion they all concluded based on their study was explained throughout this paper based on all the information they gathered. Also, the authors explain the process and methods they used to carry out and conduct this research on the microbial communities. I came down to this conclusion by understanding what they wrote is backed up by evidence by explaining the procedure they carried out to study these microbial communities.

22) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is

The unknown bacteria B22 contained an opaque white, circular colony, along with an irregular margin on the initial inoculated agar plate. The broth characteristics included growth with the presence of a flocculent and all around cloudiness; however, the slant characteristics included just a spreading edge. After the bacterium identified to be gram positive, a blood agar plate identified the bacteria to have gamma hemolysis capabilities; additionally, the mannitol salt agar identified the bacterium to indeed ferment the mannitol and the urease enzyme was as well identified from the urea agar. Subsequently, the phenol red mannitol broth showed no mannitol fermentation and the phenol red glucose broth showed fermentation with acid and no gas

This new molecule is then used in the Krebs Cycle. A 2-carbon acetyl group is then transferred to the four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, in order to produce citrate. Afterwards, the cycle repeats itself continuously, leading to a product of two ATP, six NADH, two FADH, ,two QH, and four CO. Repeating this process is what gives earthworms their energy. Earthworms go through aerobic respiration because they require oxygen in order to create ATP. Anaerobic respiration is usually used by microorganisms usually found in deep underwater

We have our own alien planet in Dallol, Ethiopia. Temperatures soar to 127 degrees Fahrenheit with poisonous gases resonating from green pools. The pools are green because volcanic gases mix with water creating a strong acid. The acidic pools have a temperature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit. However, there is still life.

Through fermentation, disaccharides such as sucrose produce more CO2 than monosaccharide molecules such as glucose which produce more CO2 than polysaccharides such as starch. Cellular Respiration is an aerobic process, which means that it uses oxygen during the process of creating ATP for the cell. This process takes place in both the cystol, for glycolysis, and in the mitochondria, for the citric acid cycle. After glycolysis produces the pyruvate molecules, they are further broken down in the mitochondria. In the mitochondrial matrix, the pyruvate loses a carbon to create a molecule of CO2. This creates a 2-carbon molecule called an acetyl group which bonds with coenzyme A to make acetyl CoA (Reece). This molecule is further broken down in the citric acid cycle. The two remaining carbons are then removed and released as CO2. During this cycle, two ATP molecules are formed. The NADH and FADH2 shuttle hydrogen atoms to the beginning of the electron transport chain, which is in the mitochondrial inner membrane. “The mechanism of electron transport can be compared to an electric cell driving a current through a set of electric motors” (Alberts). The

In the carbon cycle, the key events are the complementary reactions of respiration and photosynthesis. Respiration takes carbohydrates and oxygen and combines them to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Photosynthesis (6CO + 12H O + Light Energy C H O + 6O +6H O) takes carbon dioxide and water and produces carbohydrates and oxygen. The outputs of respiration are the inputs of photosynthesis, and the outputs of photosynthesis are the inputs of respiration. The reactions are also complementary in the way they deal with energy. Photosynthesis takes energy from the sun and stores it in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrates; respiration releases that energy. Both plants and animals carry on respiration, but only plants and other producers can carry on photosynthesis. The chief reservoirs for carbon dioxide are in the oceans and in rock. Carbon dioxide dissolves readily in water. Once there, it may precipitate as a solid rock known as calcium carbonate. Corals and algae encourage this reaction and build up limestone reefs in the process. On land and in the water, plants take up carbon dioxide and convert it into carbohydrates through photosynthesis. This carbon in the plants now has 3 possible endings. It can be returned to the atmosphere by the plant through respiration; it can be eaten by an animal, or it can be present in the plant when the plant dies. Animals obtain all their carbon in their food, and, thus, all carbon

Arthrobacter is a dominant genus of bacteria found in soil from all over the world. Several species are even found in places as inhospitable as the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica (Zeglin et al. 2009). This presence in habitats all across the world is made possible because of the extreme adaptability of their genomes to a wide range of environmental conditions (Mongodin et al. 2006). Species that are members of this genus are commonly gram positive, obligate aerobes. Arthrobacter species are also chemoorganotrophs and have an oxidative metabolism (Holt et al. 1994).

The Krebs cycle is the second stage of aerobic respiration, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle. Citric acid is the first product generated by this sequence of chemical conversions. In animals the mitochondria is the cells “power plant”. In plant Chloroplasts are the "power plant". In microorganisms, the power house can be found in the cell

Scientists believe that anaerobic respiration evolved billions of year ago when there was no oxygen present in the Earth’s atmosphere. Anaerobic respiration consists of glycolysis and either alcohol fermentation

Sugars are vital to all living organisms. The eukaryotic fungi, yeast, have the ability to use some, but not all sugars as a food source by metabolizing sugar in two ways, aerobically, with the aid of oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. The decomposition reaction that takes place when yeast breaks down the hydrocarbon molecules is called cell respiration. As the aerobic respiration breaks down glucose to form viable ATP, oxygen gas is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced. This lab focuses on studying the rate of cellular respiration of saccharomyces cerevisiae, baker’s yeast, in an aerobic environment with glucose, sucrose, lactose, artificial sweetener, and water as a negative control. A CO2