Energy Security in the Asia Pacific Region

Energy is an important necessity that most society cannot live without especially in the Western culture. With today’s technological advancement, the reliance of power is more than ever. Businesses, transportation systems, and all the way down to individual household relies on power. Without power, the US in particular, will not be able to function properly and this is why energy is one of the critical assets. The US needs the energy infrastructure to fuel its economy because without power, the US economy will not be able to function as well as health and welfare of its citizens will be threatened (DHS, 2016). The Energy Sector is divided into three subsectors; they are electricity, oil, and natural gas (Department of Homeland Security, 2015, p. 3). The private sector owns more than 80 percent of the US’s energy infrastructure responsible in supplying the fuel needs of the country most especially to businesses, transportation systems, and its citizens (DHS, 2016). Businesses, transportation industry, and citizens are vital for the US economy maintain its operational efficiency. The private sector’s role in securing the energy infrastructure is more than ever. This paper will discuss the prevalent risks and threats of each energy subsectors and the overall risks or threats that the Energy Sector currently faces. Also, this paper will also discuss the private sector’s roles and responsibilities in enhancing its

The James Bridges film, The China Syndrome (1979), was created at a time of intense upheaval in the quest for clean and renewable energy. According to one reviewer, “Gas shortages in 1973 and 1979 served as a painful reminder of the West's dependence on oil from OPEC nations, intensifying the push for the domestic development of alternative fuels” (McMullen, NP). In the socio-political atmosphere following the Cold War, energy corporations found themselves looking to harness the feared nuclear power that once threatened to embroil the world in an annihilation scenario; however, many people raised very real concerns about the safety of such systems being put in place by privatized corporate interests. The China Syndrome then emerges as a timely

The Energy Sector is one of the most critical infrastructure within the 16 critical infrastructures defined in Presidential Policy Directive 21 because it contains some of the most basic and essential infrastructure in the upkeep of the United States of America. The Energy Sector provides the basic requirement for all of the other 15 critical infrastructures to successfully operate. This does not mean that the Energy Sector is self-reliant. The Energy Sector depends on the United States’ “transportation, information technology, communications, finance, water, and government infrastructures” to successfully maintain and operates itself (U.S. Department of Homeland, n.d.-r).

mutually beneficial, a dependency on Iranian oil for Beijing’s policy decisions vanished and can no longer be used as a valid argument to analyze China’s decision-making process from 2004 until the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, as authors such as Dorraj and Currier or Kozhanov did.

Nevertheless, the most interesting part is that investment may be an art of counterbalance and compromise, when you look at the tremendous market volume and brilliant prospectus of China’s oil and gasoline market. This country has the largest population of 1.3billion, the second longest highways length of almost 100,000 kilometers and the second largest automobile population of 85 million. And it was growing in average 8% during the years. No one wants to miss the chance to invest in a such economy.

China 's national oil companies (NOCs) wield significant influence in China 's oil sector. The main purpose of the regulatory reform in oil sector is to enhance

One characteristic of MNEs is that their affiliates must be responsive to a number of important environmental forces, such as competitors, customers, suppliers, financial institutions, and government. In some case different force are work in home country and host country. For example, BP’ staple market is Europe, according to the characteristic of modern oil industry development, most country’s energy sources were controlled by MNE. The multinational corporation, such as BP , could get all industry chain’s profit. But in China, BP only invested in petroleum’s downstream field and the derivatives in derivatives. Base on the policy of China government, it is not allowed MNE to mining for oil in China. Even though Bp entered China in the 70s but the major core business is natural gas manufacturing, generate electricity to petrochemical complex and oils sales in China. The main reason for BP could not mining oil in China is MNE must cooperate with China oil industry and holding by the Chinese side. Actually, BP did not agree with the control power but BP entered China as joint venture enterprise with Sinopec and CNPC (China National Petroleum Cooporation) to solve the difficult position.

The economic interactions between China and Saudi Arabia are far more relevant than the political ones in the ongoing academic discussions. The mainstream literatures are more enthusiasm on the issues of oil and energy security and put their strategic dialogues into a secondary role which has only limited influence between the two states.

The origins of the International Energy Agency can be traced all the way back to the period leading up to the Middle East War crisis of 1973-1974 and the industrial countries’ response to that crisis, where significant changes in economics and politics regarding the international oil market had occurred. Major oil companies had extensive control over the world oil market for years so much that they were able to “influence prices paid

In the panorama of international relations, the absence of universal or potentially universal institution dealing with energy is notable. Established in 1960, OPEC’s original trigger was the continuing slide in posted prices, which at the time were unilaterally established by the International Oil Companies.

The world is confronting energy destitution – absence of access to power, advanced vitality administrations and mechanical power .Quarter of the total populace still lives without power, or different types of present day vitality administrations, while as much as 33% of aggregate humankind depends on conventional biofuels, for example, bovine manure or kindling .It brings about extraordinary cost to wellbeing or economic welfare and security .The world additionally confronting twin vitality related danger : that of not having satisfactory and secure supplies of energy at moderate costs and that of ecological mischief brought on by its utilization. Reasonable vitality assumes a key part in financial development and human advancement and taking off vitality costs and late geopolitical occasions have helped us to remember the defenselessness of the worldwide vitality framework to supply disturbances. Protecting energy supplies is by and by at the highest point of the worldwide strategy motivation. The present example of energy supply conveys the risk of extreme and irreversible ecological harm. So the objectives of energy security and natural insurance requires solid and composed government activity and open support.

Oil and water resources occupies an extremely important position in the national economy, and is indispensable for human survival and development of social resources. Oil and natural gas is an important energy resource. In modern civilized society, if not the energy, all the modern material civilization will disappear. Since the end of the Cold War, the world is facing the dual pressures of economic development and energy shortage. With the rapid industrial development, population growth and people 's living standards improve, the energy shortage has become a global problem, energy security attention more and more countries.

Secure energy supply is vital to our modern world. As the economy and world population grow, the consumption of energy is larger than ever. Energy shortage is one of the most concerned social and economical issues to our society. Both industrial and domestic lives rely on the energy provided by energy sources from one form or anther. Petroleum, coal and natural gas are the most produced and used energy sources. Mining technologies are required to obtain the raw materials of these energy sources from nature. The energy crisis is due to the limited amount of the natural storages of the energy resources. A higher production rate of the raw materials is desired so that more resources can be extracted to meet the demand. There have been conventional technologies for gas drilling for over 100 years. However the conventional method of drilling places limitations on how much material can be extracted. Until early 1940s, a new technique of extracting oil and natural gas was experimentally carried out and it soon became commercially implemented. This drilling technique is commonly known as hydraulic fracturing or fracking. Fracking is widely used in the industry, because it allows the maximum extraction of oil and gas. As of now, more than 90 percent of the natural gas mining sites in the States operates on fracking. Fracking will double the nation’s natural gas production in the next two decades. As attractive as fracking is to the energy industry, there are side

“Energy security is a growing concern for rich and emerging nations alike. The past drive for fossil fuel energy has led to wars, overthrow of democratically elected leaders, and puppet governments and dictatorships.” There are many concerns and fears which include oil and other fossil fuel depletion, reliance on foreign sources of energy, energy demands rising from advancing developing countries such as China and India, economic efficiency versus population growth debate, and renewable and other alternative energy sources. (Shah, 2009).

Electricity Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is facing today. Electricity is essential part of our daily life and its outage has severely affected the economy and overall living of ours. Thousands have lost their jobs, businesses; our daily life has become miserable. Pakistan is currently facing upto 18 hours of electricity outage a day, is expected to face more if not dealt with in time.