Energy Supply, Its Demand and Security Issues for Developed and Emerging Economies

However, Iraq suffers a growing shortage of electrical energy because of an increase in demand (see Fig. 3). The electrical power generation stations have been failed to fulfil the demand of power because of numerous defects and limited production capabilities due to deterioration. The electricity consumption in 2009 was 52 billion kWh in Iraq. During the Gulf War; electricity infrastructure of Iraq was severely damaged, suffered from a lack of investment and available equipment while under sanctions, and suffered further following the invasion in 2003. Now Iraq requires more power gradually due to its rising population growth and demands. The Iraq’s population increased from 14 million in 1980 to 32 million in 2010 and it is expected to

Demand for energy is increasing every day due to the rapid growth of population and urbanization (Kalayasiri, 1996). According to International Energy Agency (IEA) (2009) data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per person increased 10% while world population increased 27%. About 80% of this energy demand is delivered from fossil fuels with the consequence of an increase of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere that provokes serious climate changes from global warming. The world today is heavily dependent on fossil fuels. The global increase in carbon dioxide concentration is due primarily to fossil fuel use and land use change, while those of methane and nitrous oxide are primarily due to agriculture (IPCC, 2007).

Growing energy demands, rising energy costs, and increasing concern about global climate change have sparked strong interest in utilizing alternative energy technologies, such as nuclear power, hydrogen energy, biofuels, and renewable energy. Unlike renewable energy, some alternative energy technologies are not mature enough to be used as a main energy source (biofuels and hydrogen energy). Although some alternative energy, e.g. nuclear power, can reduce energy shortage, they are not environmentally friendly as most renewable energy, for example wind or solar power. Even though nuclear power does not generate any greenhouse emission like conventional energy sources, nuclear stations can produce extremely hazardous waste and nuclear

Business forecasting is the process of studying historical performance for the purpose of using the information gained to project future business conditions so that decisions can be made today that will assist in the achievement of certain goals. Forecasting involves taking historical date and using it to project future data with a mathematical model. Forecasts are extensively used to support business decisions and direct the work of operations managers. In this paper I will introduce different types of forecasting techniques.

Some of the major on-going controversies in this decade are Keystone XL pipeline , fracking and climate change. These issues are co-related to each other and they all have one thing in common i.e energy from fossil fuels . Proponents for the Keystone XL pipeline & fracking argue that it would reduce the energy dependence on foreign oil. Although they are good for the energy security of the US, it may be a step backwards in terms of controlling climate change and looking for alternatives.

Strategies to meet India’s energy requirement are constrained by country’s energy resources and import possibilities. Unfortunately, India is not well endowed with natural energy resources. Reserves of oil, gas and Uranium are meager though India has large reserves of thorium. While coal is abundant, it is regionally concentrated and is of low calorie and high ash content, though it has the advantage of low sulphur content. The extractable reserves, based on current extraction technology, remain limited. Hydro potential is significant, but small compared to India’s needs and its contribution in terms of energy is likely to remain small. Further, the need to mitigate environmental and social impacts of storage schemes often delays hydro development thereby causing huge cost overruns.

The world’s energy supply and usage harnessed by humans are predominantly occupied by fossil fuel combustion a non-renewable resource. On the other hand small fractions of the energy harnessed by humans are renewable resources at only about 13% of the total energy sourced. With fossil fuels emitting high amounts of greenhouse gasses that affect our climate negatively in the long term in addition to its non-renewability, alternative sources of energy supply particularly in the category of renewable energy can help alleviate the impact of the shortage of resources and the harmful impact of our energy usage on the environment. Salinity-gradient energy can potentially be a part of this alternate source of renewable energy as well as gas emission-free as it is based on the mixing of solutions with different salt concentrations through the uses of Osmotic pressure and a membrane.

The global energy crisis is a growing concern in today’s day and age. Some think we should talk about it more, others think we should be more concerned about other issues, but one thing is certain – we are not doing enough to compensate for the damage we are causing.

Subsequently, a realistic and irreversible hybrid configuration is presented that incorporates two stages of heating through separate low-temperature and high-temperature thermal energy storage units. A thermodynamic analysis of the HT-CAES system is presented along with parametric studies, which illustrate the importance of the operating pressure and thermal storage temperature on the performance of the storage system. Realistic isentropic component efficiencies and throttling losses were considered. Additionally, two extreme cavern conditions were analyzed and the cyclic behavior of an adiabatic cavern was investigated. An optimum operating pressure resulting in maximum roundtrip storage efficiency of the hybrid storage system is reported. Additionally, a modified hybrid design is investigated that includes a turbocharger in the discharge process, which provides supplementary mass flow rate alongside the air storage. This addition has the potential of

The world is confronting energy destitution – absence of access to power, advanced vitality administrations and mechanical power .Quarter of the total populace still lives without power, or different types of present day vitality administrations, while as much as 33% of aggregate humankind depends on conventional biofuels, for example, bovine manure or kindling .It brings about extraordinary cost to wellbeing or economic welfare and security .The world additionally confronting twin vitality related danger : that of not having satisfactory and secure supplies of energy at moderate costs and that of ecological mischief brought on by its utilization. Reasonable vitality assumes a key part in financial development and human advancement and taking off vitality costs and late geopolitical occasions have helped us to remember the defenselessness of the worldwide vitality framework to supply disturbances. Protecting energy supplies is by and by at the highest point of the worldwide strategy motivation. The present example of energy supply conveys the risk of extreme and irreversible ecological harm. So the objectives of energy security and natural insurance requires solid and composed government activity and open support.

But the main problem with the methods discussed above is most of they don’t provide any mathematicalrelationship between different parameters. Data not been being mathematically described and analyzed. But a mathematical model that could represent the relationship among previous data that could be used for prediction is still desired. A new sliding window approach for the same is being proposed in this text for weather prediction.

Energy management supplies sizeable options throughout helping significant community organizations including colleges, hospitals wards, government workplace houses and other who have high energy consumption personal operations cut costs substantially. Energy management is something electricity providers as well as electricity corporations accomplish to ensure that his or her electric power programs as well as alternative electricity solutions produce enough electricity to satisfy need in which the volume of electricity which his or her shoppers require. It can be used to refer to method for handling and regulating one 's own levels of personal energy. Energy wastage can arise throughout Malaysian colleges mainly due to ineffective utilization of energy as well as not enough consciousness involving constructing consumers.

Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. As the world biggest developing country, China’s demand for energy will experience a steady increase with the development of the economy . However, many problems are facing the energy security in rural China. At the early state of energy shortage, state policy indicated that the rural energy needed to be self-reliance. Actually, rural energy is a buffer of China’s energy system . With the development of the China’s economy, the government begun to realize the importance of energy security in rural China. As the important sector of national energy policy, the energy development of the rural area is guided by the sustainable energy strategy in China. Meanwhile, environmental issues were induced by massive fossil energy consumption. Most of energy is generated by non-renewable fossil resources in China. These resources will be exhausted in the following couple of decades. Otherwise, the environmental issues were also exposed, most of greenhouse gas and pollutants emission are generated during the process of fossil energy production and use. Renewable energy resources, due to their zero or near-zero emissions of GHGs and air pollutants, are progressively becoming a greater part of the global energy sector . In the national level, Chinese government planned non-fossil fuel energy to reach 11.4 percent and 15 percent of the total energy consumption by 2015 and 2020 .

The International Energy Agency (IEA) was created in 1974, its command is to endorse energy security between 28 member countries. The aim is to ensure sufficient, secure and sustainable energy among the countries, each country is oblige to hold oil stock equivalent to 90 days. The IEA targets include some of the following objectives:

[1] R.A. Serway and J.W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th Ed. (Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004), pp. 100-102