Engels Gender Division Of Labour

We live in a society where men and women are not see the same nor are treated equally. Gender inequalities have always been an issue in our society. Women have always gain less respect than men based on their sex. The society has developed certain images and roles for males and females. Men are seen to have masculine traits such stability, independence, and confidence; whereas, women have more feminine traits such as nurturing, affection, and patience. As well, the society has developed the division of occupations for genders. Females are expected to work in caring professions such as: a nurse, sectary, or teacher. While men are expected to be: doctors, lawyers, and construction workers. These stereotypes of gender should not state what a woman can do. A woman should have the same opportunities as men when is come to issues such as paying rate and job positions. This paper will address gender inequalities that women face in their occupations.

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In the business setting of inequality, it is much more apparent with the way women are treated opposing to men. In some workplaces based one sheer appearance women may be chosen over other women even though the less attractive woman may be much more qualified. This is a construct of the male design. Studies have shown that men on average get a higher number of hours to work and extra overtime than women, giving them more opportunity to earn pay. Along with this men are likely to gain a promotion before women with the same experience and qualifications. (Young 2017, 179) Another

Gender discrimination has always been one of the most re-surfaced topics over decades when the big umbrella topic of Employment relations is brought up. For hundreds of years, women have taken one of the hardest challenges in life, to be recognised equally against men. For centuries, women were not given the same rights as men, nor were

Many people believe that men have advantages over women when comes to a topic such as occupation. Although this may be true, in some cases it is in fact exactly the opposite. Today?s society is so concerned with political correctness and equal rights to women that it has almost completely forgotten about equal

Those jobs often provide less opportunity for training and career development (ibid.). Lastly, there is a sex-segregated workforce in Australia (Healy 2004). For example, men and women still tend have separate occupations and to work in different areas of the workforce and industries (ibid.). In addition, historically, male dominated occupations and industries have been more greatly valued with men’s work rewarded more than women’s work (ibid.). Pocock and Alexander (1999) studied the impact of sex-segregation on the Australian wage gap. They draw the data from the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS) in 1995 and it reports an overall gender wage gap of seventeen per cent (ibid.). Moreover, they argued that both human capital and sex-segregation variables could not explain the gap (ibid.). However, they could explain the gap using their regression model while the rest was linked with being in female dominated work (ibid.). They also argued that comparable worth policies, that revaluate the women’s job, could help to reduce the pay gap (ibid.).

Occupational segregation is seen almost everywhere. It refers to the fact that men and women are concentrated in different types of jobs, based on prevailing understandings of what is appropriate ‘male’ and ‘female’ work. Occupational segregations have both vertical and horizontal components. Vertical segregation refers to the tendency for women to be concentrated in jobs with little authority and hardly any room for advancement, while men occupy more powerful and influential positions. Horizontal segregation refers to the tendency for both men and women to occupy different categories of job. The reasons for the persistence of occupational segregation are rooted in a complex interplay between societal and personal gender stereotypes, discrimination by power-holders against out-groups, habits and social inertia-and the repeated impact of all these on individuals’ choices and behaviours. Though increasing number of women now work full time outside the home, a large number are concentrated in part-time employment. Men, by and large, do not assume prime responsibility for the rearing of children. However, it is also seen that women have started bagging some important positions in jobs. Several processes have affected these trends. One significant factor is that more women are moving into higher paying professional positions than was the earlier case. Young women with good qualifications are now as likely as their male counterpart to land into lucrative jobs. The improved

Gender and work exist sociologically as a way to maintain both authority and inequality. Women’s roles throughout history shed a light on the expectations and stereotypes that exist today; however, navigating a gendered economy and overcoming sex segregation continues to be a challenging task for most women. Wages continue to be uneven, and wives continue to bear most of the child rearing and domestic responsibilities despite increasingly working the same amount as their husbands do. Becoming educated on these inequalities and viewing them with a sociological perspective will allow people to see gender and work in an accurate light and continue to develop

This myth has been perpetuated throughout history and in result; we have barriers such as the glass ceiling in existence. If we were to pull up a list of the Board of Directors for any given company, the probability of it being a predominately male group is high. This notion alone shows how companies have continued to dwell in olds days where men are considered more capable than women. The Glass ceiling effect has continued to place barriers against women endeavor in achieving success in their careers and participation in their work place. Women have not been able to realize their potential in their work places since they are not offered equal chances as compared to their men counterparts who enjoy great opportunities in organizations. The fact that an organization is ran by men, may cause an adverse effect on the performance of men. Obviously, a man thinks differently than a woman. It is likely that a decision made by men only is likely to ignore the interests of women in the organization. This creates a domino effect because it affects the woman’s performance in business since they only get limited chances to learn, and limited job assignments that will enhance their skills. Hence, low or limited skills and experience will lower their overall

The labor market is very segregated. It is mentioned that women and men of the same racial-ethnic group rarely having the same jobs, as well as women of different racial-ethnic groups. This supports the interconnection between class, race, and gender. Men are seen as the superior gender, and are more likely to receive a job position. Women are often deemed incapable of preforming work that is classified as a ‘man’s job’ and pushed into typical jobs involving infant care and domestic work.

"Women's advancement often stops short of the general management level" as a partial result of discrimination by white men in positions of power, which include the differences of developmental job assignments they are afforded (Ohlott 46). "Developmental job assignments have been found to be one of the most important factors in preparing both men and women for upper-level management positions" (Ohlott 46 - 47).If women do not experience these same job assignments, they may be less prepared than men for handling future upper-level management jobs. These types of job assignments lead to high-level positions, make managers more visible, and prepare them for future jobs. With men being in the top ranks of organizations in most cases, they are less likely to assign these challenging tasks to female subordinates (Ohlott 49). "Organizations more often move women into staff positions and out of functions central to a business" mainly because those making the staffing decisions are more interested in advancing their own careers (Ohlott 49).

Occupational pay based on gender is an issue that has been around since the early 1900s. Women have always been discriminated against by men, which is proven by history dating back to the Civil Rights Movement. Gender inequality with the significant wage gap for men and women is longstanding and has been acknowledged by researchers. The wage gap that is present in the United States has aroused many Americans, and even kindled several protests. The issue, occupational pay based on gender, dates back to Women’s Rights of 1848.

Alksnis, Curtis, and Desmarais (2008) This study focuses on gender segregation and the implications of male and female jobs with an emphasis on both genders salaries. The team used a between-subjects design where they examined whether the participants would assign different pay to 3 types of jobs. The actual responsibilities and duties of these jobs would be carried out by men and women were handled the same. However, the job assigned would be situated in either a traditionally masculine or feminine domain. The research found pay differences between jobs labelled as “male” and “female”. This suggests that gender-based discrimination is arising from occupational stereotyping. This leads to the devaluation of the work typically done by women which will influence salary allocation.

Women have experienced a historic situation of inequality in the social as well as professional aspects. Women were normally the ones that would take care of children, do the chores in the house, and in rural areas; they would work in the field with the rest of the family. However, today’s women have become more self-sufficient and independent from the predominant male figure within every historical family. Gender inequality in the workplace is becoming less common; yet, gender is a factor that affects men and women. Especially women have been subjected to a historical discrimination that has influenced society to decide which job is more suitable for women than men. However women have confronted and tried to break down the barriers that

Although the economic exchange model provides a historical account of why the gendered division of labour may have been an accepted part of life during a time when women’s workforce participation was considered unusual, it is not able to explain why a clear inequality persists in a time of more inclusive workplace involvement (Maher & Singleton, 2003:61). Evidence indicates that women who spend longer hours in paid employment do less unpaid domestic work, clearly owing to a reduction in the available time to perform such tasks (Baxter, 1992:16). The same does not hold true for men, however, with research indicating that less time spent in paid employment is correlated with a reduction in the amount of domestic work undertaken (Bittman et al., 2003:187). Shamir (1986, as cited in Baxter, 1992:403) argues that