Engineering Advantage Of Pv Technology

Solar modules that consist of glass and cadmium telluride when combined convert sun light into electricity

Nanosolar is a start-up company and expects to be one of the first manufacturers to produce thin-film solar panels using copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) technology. Nanosolar is focused on selling a single type of thin-film Photovoltaic (PV) module called the “Nanosolar Utility Panel”. The utility panel is 50% less energy efficient than c-Si modules, but being 90% less expensive to produce.

CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals were prepared by organometallic method [26] using Cadmium oxide (CdO 98.9%) was provided by Fluka. Sulfur powder (S 99.5%), Selenium powder (Se 99%), Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO 97%), Trioctylphosphine (TOP 90%) Hexadecylamine (HDA 97%) were purchased from Aldrich. Stearic acid 98%, Acetone 98%, Oleic acid (OA) 98%, Methanol 99%, Toluene 99% were from united chemical Lab. All chemicals and solvents had been used as received while not more purification. In the experiment, OA was used as the ligand of and TOP was used as the ligand of the Se precursor.

Solar cell or photovoltaic (PV) systems usually transformed energy from the sun in to electric current. It can be measured in terms of ‘‘conversion efficiency’’, the proportion of solar energy transformed to electricity. (Henderson, Conkling, & Roberts, 2007) Sunpower primarily focused on the production of solar cell. But by moving in to wafer manufacturing it soon incorporated in to manufacturing of solar power module units. In general Sunpower manufacturing process needed approximately two times as many steps as the usual solar manufacturing process need and many of these steps were distinctive to Sunpower. Sunpower has nearly 15 -20 established cell manufactures, a handful of silicon – based cell manufacturing upstarts and a number of thin film solar companies offering potentially unsettling technologies.

Hybrid solar cells are the combination of two different compunds, where amorphous silicon cells combine with nano crystalline cells or with materials such as CIGS.These form the Hetrostructure between amorphous Si:H layer and C:Si wafer. Its efficiency is found to be around 21%.

The conversion of the sunlight directly into electricity by using the electronic properties of various suitable materials appears to be an attractive energy conversion process and more or less an ideal alternative to available conventional energy sources. The solar cell technology has developed enormously over the last four decades, initially for being used to provide electrical power for spacecrafts and also more recently for various terrestrial applications. The main reason for this technological development lies in the realization that traditional fossil energy resources like coal, oil and gas are not just rapidly depleting, but they also contribute to unpredictable and probably irreversible climate changes in the approaching future through the extreme high emission levels of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2, CO, SO2 and P2O5) and also due to acidification. The photo voltaic source of energy that is solar irradiation, has the major advantage of being widely distributed over the world. The solar irradiation falling on the earth’s surface is not a limiting factor and also supersedes our needs by far. Photovoltaic industry has leapfrogged the barriers over the last three decades from merely being a conceptual industry to a full-fledged commercial industry. Recent major investments and the on hand manufacturing facilities are only mainly for silicon based technologies, with more than 93% market share, mainly due to its maturity, growth and huge

Solar photovoltaic cells are catogorized into three generational groups. First generation cells are made from crystalline silicon, expensive to construct, and offer little flexibility. Second generation cells are made from amorphous (non-crystalline) silicon, cheaper to make than crystalline, offer some flexibility, yet still utilize rare and often toxic materials. Consequently, the maturation of the build process for 1st and 2nd generation

Surface morphology and topography was carried out by the Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEMQUANTA200, FEI-Netherland) and Atomic Force Microscopy (Agilent 5500) respectively. Elemental analysis was made by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (attached to SEM). The optical properties of the films were examined with a double beam spectrophotometer (Oceans optics HR2000-USA) in the UV–Visible regions. The film thickness was measured by a profilometer (SJ – 301 Mitutoyo). The photoluminescence (PL) spectrums were recorded using a spectrofluorometer (Cary Eclipse EL08083851) with xenon arc lamp. The IR spectrum was recorded using FTIR spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer – RX I) in the range of 400–4000 cm-1. The electrical parameters were collected from room temperature Hall Effect measurements (RH2035 PhysTech GmbH)

Solar cells or photovoltaic are the primary devices that are able to harvest the sun’s energy in a form that can be used every day. Semiconductors are one of the more widely used materials in the solar cells industry; however other materials such as organic photovoltaic, solution-processed solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells are also used in the market. To understand the basic principle behind the working of a solar cell, we have to look down into the

Figure 3: Plot of I_sc and V_oc and the power for 100 〖cm〗^2 cell area.

Roger A.Hinriches and Merlin Kleinbach (2006) declared (claimed) that “every day the earth surface receives thousands of times more energy from the Sun than it consumed in all other resources”. Cleanliness, availability and renewability of solar energy make it virtually ideal. (Grant E.Gardner, 2008). The use of solar energy for production of electricity is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is a process, when light strikes certain metals and, as a result, electrons are emitted from the metal surface. (Hugh D.Young, Roger A.Freedman 2008). Photovoltaic cells (PV), known as solar cells, are devices which collect radiation energy in the form of sunlight and convert into electricity. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials, especially silicon. Silicon absorbs photons of light which strike the cells. The energy of the absorbed light transfers to the silicon semiconductor, after that this energy pushes electrons out. This is why the can flow freely which leads to the emergence of electric current. The electrical energy from solar cells can then be used directly. However, considerable amount of solar energy on PV cells

Solar cells technology, as a clean power source of new generation, has been great developed in the past 35 years. The market needed for this for the solar cells technology is also greatly increased while module cost is decreased.

Abstract—Solar cells have long been regarded as the most promising choice for the development of cost-effective and reliable energy. This paper reviews recent progress and challenges in the development of solar cell processing and fabrication. The comparison of various solar technologies and future scope for this are briefly reviewed. Next, the issues and challenges in light trapping and the nature of textured interface, quality of the active-layer material and antireflection coatings are detailed.

Deposition and characterization of the thin films discussed in Chapter 1 will require an understanding of many different tools and processes that are currently used in the semiconductor industry today. This chapter will cover the principles behind the growth process, the experimentation and the material properties. The equipment used for these processes will be discussed in depth as well.

Large solar plants occupy a vast area of land and threaten wildlife because one square kilometer is needed to produce 40 megawatts of energy from solar power.4 British scientists are attempting to improve the effectiveness of photovoltaic cells by utilizing “copper indium diselenide and cadmium telluride to find an affordable and more sustainable way to make solar panels to convert light energy into electricity.”5