Enterobius Vermicularis

Parasites can manipulate hosts in many different ways. In the article “Suicide Grasshoppers Brainwashed by Parasite Worms,” James Owen describes the relationship between parasite hairworms and grasshoppers. These parasitic worms find a host, such as a grasshopper, and enter the body. After entering the host, the worms cause the grasshoppers to commit suicide by jumping into the water. This article explains how parasites cause grasshoppers to commit suicide, how the parasites enter and exit the host, and how scientists use this information to create a better understanding in research about parasitical behaviors.

The lifecycle of a heartworms begins when a female mosquito ingest blood containing microfilariae from a heartworm infected animal. Inside the body of the mosquito, the microfilariae develops into first stage larvae (L1) and then undergoes two more process to develop into third stage larvae (L3) of which is the infective stage. Depending on the temperature, this development process can take between eight and thirty days. At this point, when the infected mosquito attaches to a cat and feeds on its blood, the third-stage larva is transferred into the mosquito bite wound. Within three days of entering the cat, the L3 molt to the L4 stage in the tissues and muscles that lay just below the skin of the cat. After about two months of migrating through the muscles and tissues, the L4 undergoes a final development into immature adult heartworms. Seventy to ninety days post infection, the immature adult heartworms then enter a peripheral vein and are carried by the cat’s blood circulation system to the caudal pulmonary arteries. This is where the majority of heartworms are cleared from the cat due to a mass immune response, but a few may continue development into adults. Once the heartworm develop into adults, they invade the heart first and then spread to other organs in the body and cause

Since the feline species are the only recognized host of T. gondii, the parasite must pass through the feline digestive system in order to complete its life cycle and reproduce (NOAA, 2013). The parasite multiplies within the feline digestive tract, releasing the parasitic eggs through the cat’s feces (NOAA, 2013). The parasitic eggs infect other non-feline species, including mice and birds, which is a common source of transmission to uninfected cats (NOAA, 2013). Rainfall can wash the cat feces into the ocean where the parasitic eggs remain viable for up to two years (NOAA,

In parasitism, the parasite benefits, but the host is harmed. Symbiosis is the close interaction between organisms of different species for an extended time. Symbiotic relationships differ on the effects of the “other” species while one benefits. The three major symbiotic relationships are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. In commensalism, the species benefits and the other remains unaffected. One example are barnacles hitching a ride on the skin of a whale. In parasitism, the parasite benefits and the host is harmed. The parasite lives on or in the host and benefits by feeding on it. An example of this are tapeworms that live inside the intestines of organisms. The organism is harmed, since they are not getting the nutrients from the food that they are eating, but the tapeworm benefits, as it is getting the food and nutrients it needs to survive. Tapeworm larvae can also migrate throughout the body, therefore harming other organs and tissues as well. In mutualism, both species benefit. One example are lichens, which are formed by fungi and algae living together. The algae undergo photosynthesis, which provides food, and the fungi provides

Parasites are living organisms that survive through other organs in the body. Although some parasites may not affect the body that they are surviving off of, other parasites can affect a body so much that it can make the person really sick. There are many different ways to get a parasitic infection. For example, a parasitic infection can spread through water, soil, waste, food and sexual contact with someone who is already infected. Once one is infected then the parasite can multiply causing damage to the organs and the rest of the

There are different types of how different species in our ecosystem wok together. Relationships doesn’t only occur in humans but also in animals. It my either be mutualism or commensalism, but it can also be parasitism. Parasitism is when one organism is taking advantage of another organism without their free will. It is a way to survive for the parasite to gain nutrients, or even shelter. Mostly all parasites are within an organism internal structure, making it impossible for the host to live their daily activities. Parasites may even be killing their host.

Toxocariasis is commonly known as the Roundworm Infection. With this species there are four different approaches of acquiring infection. Possible ways of infection include direct transmission (straight eating the eggs within stool), prenatal transmission (contamination while in utero), paratenic transmission (the transmission can occur with a and transmammary transmission (can be spread through the mammary glands like breastfeeding and placenta). Egg are left in the feces of dogs, from there they can be spread between 2-4 weeks. When dogs eat infectious eggs it allows the eggs to hatch and the larval form of the parasite to penetrate through the gut wall. In younger dogs, the larvae can travel via bloodstream by piercing a blood vessel in the gut wall. Once ingested, the eggs hatch, and the larvae enter the wall of the small intestine. Once larvae become mobile they can migrate through the host via circulatory system into the respiratory system into other organs and tissues within the body. When they enter the body they can become encyst (pretty

The parasite has one or two stages of life cycle in animals including humans, a proliferate form which can be singly or within host cells in small groups or in the other stage which is found intra- or extracellularly, the cyst (Sheffield 2012). In pro life form the organism is surrounded in a two-layered membrane (pellicle), lateral to the nucleus a micropyle in the membrane (Sheffield 2012). Long club like paired organelles posteriorly from the comoid area (a cone shaped structure) is located at the anterior end where the nucleus and golgi zone are in the posterior half of the organism (Sheffield 2012). The cytoplasm is filled with the mitochondrial, granules, vesicles, and ribosomes. (Sheffield

The symptoms of this disease are an itchy rash where the worm entered, fever, coughing, wheezing, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and diarrhea.

In comparison to the prevalence of nematodes and trematodes, studies show that presence of cestodes in small animals is not as prevalent as the former and most infection are mixed with the existence of one or more species of helminths (Lone, Chishti, Ahmad & Tak, 2012; Maichomo, Kagira & Walker, 2004). Kids have stunted growth due to the presence of tapeworms which these parasites compete with their nourishment (Smith, 2004).

Enterococcus is a gram positive coccus typically found in the normal microbiota of the human and animal gastrointestinal tracts, due to the high acidic pH of the stomach acid, it is mostly found in the intestines, and in the guts of insects. They are diplococcus, meaning they remain in pairs and are sometimes found in short chains. The sizes of the average species are 0.6-2.0 microns (μ). Most Enterococcus species are non-motile but some species have scanty flagella giving them the ability to become motile. Enterococci are not capsule formers. They also fail to produce endospores. In incubation, the optimum temperature is 35ᵒC with a growth temperature ranging from 10-45ᵒC. The incubation time ranges from 18-24 hours. They can survive heat

Besides bacteria and virus, human disease can also be caused by parasites infection. A parasite is an organism which lives in another organism as the host and usually will cause harm to the host. Parasite depends on and to be in the host to live, grow and multiply as shown by. Anisakis is a helminth organism and is a genus of parasitic nematodes. There is six species within the genus. This paper will focus on how do Anisakis infections cause disease to human with using the species of Anisakis simplex (A. simplex) since this species is most frequently related to human disease as shown by Adams et al. (1997).

Hookworms; also describe as the intestinal parasites are a serious infection that affects both humans and animals. The hookworms are very small species that develop based on blood-feeding. Those harmful species not only hook to the intestinal’ mucosa and suck the whole-body nutrition but also they conceal some antigens that cause a hold off to the immune resistance and eliminate the hemoglobin. As a result, the body undergo a series of intestinal hemorrhaging stats with extreme decrease in healthy blood cells. In other, the patient

     Transmission of the parasite can occur in several different ways. Direct transmission can occur by handling infected animal or human feces. One quarter of reported direct transmission infections occurred by direct contact with feces, while the rest were reported to have happened by person to person contact (Donnelly & Stentiford, 1997).

The study has established that daily administration of T. vulgaris by the oral route at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 10 days did not cause any mortality or any observable toxic effects in mice of GII. Mice were alert with no alternation of their behavioral pattern, any gastrointestinal tract disorder or respiratory distress. From the histopathological observations, there were not any observable changes in the livers at the giving dose compared to the normal controls (Figure 1).