Environmental Effects On Cytoplasm Concentration

The spinach plants were hole punched, mixed with 0.2% NaOH and dish detergent, placed in a syringe with the solution to have the oxygen

The leaves of a plant are the main photosynthetic organs and are involved in gas exchange and water transportation throughout a plant (Evans et al, 17). A leaf typically consists of an upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll cells, veins, guard cells and stomata. The mesophyll cells contains spongey cells which have large gaps between each cell to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide circulation. The mesophyll cells contain palisade cells, which are located beneath the upper epidermis. The palisade cells contain many chloroplasts, which are green organelles. Located in the internal layers of chloroplasts is the pigment chlorophyll which is involved in trapping the light energy in photosynthesis (Evans et al, 17).

vulgaris plants, via the formation of a standard curve prepared using varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. Following absorbance readings of the various BSA solutions, they were plotted against their concentrations providing an indirect measure for determining protein concentrations of the plant samples within the assay tubes, and through further calculations the sample protein concentration. The mean protein concentration for the control group was calculated to be 3.34 ± 1.30 mg/mL, while the mean treated group concentration was 2.01 ± 1.26 mg/mL. These results similarly like the chlorophyll results correlate with the literature articles, as a reduced protein content within the Paraquat treated plants can be expected to some extent (Chia et al., 1981). This reduction in protein concentration is the result of those superoxide anions produced by Paraquat, disrupting the chloroplast membranes and allowing for intracellular components including some proteins to leak out, hence the decrease in protein concentration in comparison to the non-treated plants (Qian et al., 2009). A slight outlier may exist within the treated groups protein concentrations as one of the groups provided a negative value for protein concentration which is not valid, but even after exclusion of that data value, results are still supportive of the expected outcome. Though these results support the claim of Paraquat toxicity causing membrane deterioration and leakiness, protein concentration values are rather more purposeful when used to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA) values on per mg of protein

The effect of different wavelengths on the rate of photosynthesis was tested using spinach disks and action spectrum light boxes. A cork borer was used to cut approximately 60 disks from spinach leaves. These disks were then placed into a plastic syringe and enough sodium bicarbonate solution was pulled into the syringe to cover the disks. The plunger was slowly depressed in order to push out any air bubbles present in the syringe. The tip of the syringe was covered and then the plunger was pulled for about 10 to 15 seconds at a time in order to create vacuum pressure that would pull the oxygen from the spinach disks. This process was repeated until all the disks sank once the pressure was released due to the lack of oxygen present within them. Five 50mL beakers were filled with 40mL of sodium bicarbonate solution and approximately 10 spinach disks were placed into each of the five beakers. The

If plants didn’t have chloroplast, life as we know it would not be here. We would all die because we could not get energy from the sun. We get our energy from the sun by either from eating plants or eating animals that eat the plants that get there energy from the sun. The chloroplasts are responsible for harvesting and turning sunlight into energy. Another reason we would all be dead is because plants give us oxygen and if we did not have oxygen we could all get carbon dioxide poisoning.

Therefore, it is expected that the photosynthetic rate of the elodea is based on the light intensity which results in a large effect on the growth of elodea and other plants. If the light intensity increases on the plant (in this study, the elodea)

If the plant was placed in red light with non-tinted windows, the plant will have the greatest growth rate due to the relationship between light and plant growth, this is demonstrated by exposing leaves to various colours of light. Light supplies the power to generate photosynthesis, - the food making process within leaves. The spectrum of light is most utilised by the leaf, limited to red, green and blue. Chlorophyll is most absorbed by the red, due to its specific wavelength process.

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other living organisms that use light energy from the sun into chemical energy that can later be used as energy for other organisms. Numerous factors that influence the rate of which photosynthesis occurs, which includes temperature, amount of light and carbon dioxide. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of increasing concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis. For example, to test the hypothesis, the effect of changing concentrations of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis in leaf discs was measured. This was done by removing air bubbles from the leaf discs, which caused the disc to sink to the bottom of the syringe and by placing them in different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate. The results on the graph started to decrease as the concentration level of the sodium bicarbonate was increased. A summary of errors occurred from some leaf discs floating before the experiment began (at time zero). However, results of the experiment supported the hypotheses, even though there were several errors

Photosynthesis is a key contributor to the survival of humans. Earth is an open system requiring the input energy to drive life processes. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce chemical energy which is glucose. Photosynthesis deals with plant growth as well as being a source of energy and food. The four things needed for plant growth: energy in the form of solar radiation, carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, mineral nutrients and water (Kirk, 1994). In order for plants to be able to conduct photosynthesis plants need chloroplasts. Chloroplasts, green colored cells depending on the plant, are a plastid that contains chlorophyll and

Photosynthesis is a very complicated process. It is not as simple as plants need a little sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, and viola oxygen is produced. There are many steps and processes that occur during photosynthesis which make it very complicated. Now the actual word photosynthesis in Greek means photo- “light”, and –synthesis “putting together”. This is the overall basic foundation that photosynthesis stands behind. Photosynthesis can only happen in plants and some algae, due to them having an organelle called chloroplast. Chloroplast has a pigment, which is called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a light absorbing pigment, which allows the plant to control solar energy and use it to distribute energy and food for the plant itself. Chloroplasts are usually located in the green tissue in the interior of the leaf called the mesophyll. A usual cell has around thirty to forty chloroplast. In the inner compartment there is a thick fluid called the stroma, with a system of interconnected membranous

Over the next month, we watered each cell with 1 ml of water each day. Every Tuesday each plant’s height, number of leaves and stem diameter were measured. The plant’s height was measured from soil level to its highest point in centimeters. The stem diameter was measured three inches above the soil level in centimeters. After twenty-eight days, the plants were uprooted, cleaned, dried and their biomass was determined using an analytical scale. A leaf was cut and collected from seven different plants from each group. A notch was cut in the leaves from the experimental group in order to tell them apart from the control leaves. An I2KI starch analysis test was performed for all the leaves by boiling the leaves in 10% isopropyl alcohol solution for forty-five minutes. After forty-five minutes, the leaves were placed in a Petri dish with water and I2KI solution. In the presence of starch, the solution turns the leaves to a black color.

Based on the findings by Robert Hill it is hypothesised that in the use of DCPIP as a coloured indicator for the conductance of photosynthetic reactivity of the chloroplasts will allow a continuance of the production of oxygen and electron flow, even in the absence of carbon dioxide, and that

The leucerne plant leaves are procured from 70 days old plants and allowed to stand for two days in a humidity controlled dark growth chamber at 340C. The leaves were homogenized with 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.4M sucrose and 0.05M sodium ascorbate in a waring blender. Filtered homogenate was (I in Table 1) was squeezed through a gauze and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 mins. The supernatant (II in Table 1) was adjusted to pH 5.0 by the addition of 1N acetic acid and allowed to stand overnight. The precipitate was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant (III in Table 1) was subjected to ammonium sulphate fractionation between 0.25 and 0.9 saturation. The ammonium sulphate precipitate was suspended in 0.0025M Mc llvain buffer (pH 5.5) containing 2.5 × 10-3 M sodium ascorbate and dialyzed against the same buffer at 40C for 20 hrs. The dialysate (IV in Table 1) was centrifuged and the supernatant was fractionated by the addition of ethanol at -50C. A fraction precipitating between 20 and 60% ethanol was collected and dialyzed in the same way.

The increase in mesophyll cells is not surprising, as having a readily available source of carbon dioxide would warrant more chloroplasts with photosynthetic chlorophyll are needed for increased photosynthetic activity to drive the Calvin cycle. In another study, as the number of mesophyll cells increased in the leaves of the birch trees clones, the amount of chloroplasts increase and gain in size, which aids in increased photosynthetic rates (Oksanen, et al., 2005). As photosynthesis occurs more rapidly, there is a need for more energy, which is met by the amount of mitochondria in the leaf cells being increased as a result of the increased carbon dioxide level. As the powerhouse of the cell, increased mitochondria could aid in stimulation of growth of new shoots of the birch tree, as well as an increase in photosynthesis and cell respiration. This suggests that trees that are exposed to increasingly higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide may grow more rapidly than those grown at current levels.

Yield potential is determined by the product of the available light energy and genetic properties: light capture efficiency, conversion of intercepted light to biomass efficiency and the proportion of said biomass partitioned into grain (Long et al., 2006). Current plant breeding has brought the proportion of biomass partitioned into grain, and light capture efficiency to their theoretical maxima. This leaves the efficiency of conversion of intercepted light to biomass as the only route yet to be fully exploited in order to improve yield potential. There are two main constraints on this conversion efficiency: stressful environments and the non-linearity of leaf photosynthesis response to increased solar energy. For example, C₃ plants have a leaf photosynthesis saturation level of approximately 25%