Environmental Factors Affecting The Disease Essay

1. Understanding epidemiologic concepts of the chain of transmission of organisms from host to victim, describe how EH could have been infected.

Infections can be spread through many things, these include; food borne infection, person to person, water borne infection, airborne infection, insect borne infection and fomites.

Typhoid fever is a dangerous bacterial infection. The only source of the causative agent of typhoid fever is a person sick or carrier. You can get typhoid fever if you eat food or drink water that have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if sewage contaminated with Salmonella Typhi bacteria gets into the water you use to drink or washing fruit. The danger of the patient varies through the disease and this explains of the features of the typhoid fever. Infected often spread pathogen into the environment within fourteen days,

Some of the ways this infection can be spread is by, open wounds, having someone treat your open wound and not follow the sanitary processes like wearing gloves, making sure they wash their hands afterwards can get themselves in deep trouble and having themselves infected, and other people they treated after that open wound. Eyes, someone’s tears due to the painful symptoms have someone rub the tears with a cloth off, and use the same cloth for other various needs. For example: removing sweat, cleaning themselves after they’ve urine, or damping the cloth in water to lower fever, and by that they have already contaminated the water where the next way of infecting yourself is through the mouth. Blood from any open needle not dispensed properly and had contact with other people is another way humans get infected. Body fluids such as: urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. Feces and vomit can be transmitted by animals, such as bugs and fly’s. Breast milk obviously by breast feeding a baby or anyone consuming the breast milk. Semen is another way people can get infected through oral, vaginal or anal sex. Object can also help transmit this infection like needles, by not being dispensed properly and accidently having contact with another human; and syringes. Also foods, let’s remember this infection can also come from some animals; for example infected

• A place for the germ to live - person, animal, plant, food, soil or water.

The bacteria did not have any special modes of transmission so it only started out being spread by air and water. Once enough people had contracted the disease by air, it was easier to infect the people who continuously faced massive flooding; these places include Mexico, Canada, Australia and the United States. After a while I decided to add insect and rodent to the list of ways the disease could be spread just to ensure that nobody could escape the disease that hadn’t

Presented above are all direct routes of ways in which infections can spread but there are also indirect routes too. The indirect routes consist of things such as touching surfaces and then transferring it to yourself in a direct method. An infection can become airborne when others

Infection of S. typhi leads to the development of typhoid, or enteric fever. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of a sustained and systemic fever, severe headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, enlargement of the spleen, possible development of meningitis, and/or general malaise. Untreated typhoid fever cases result in mortality rates ranging from 12-30% while treated cases allow for 99% survival.

Typhus is a bacterial disease, it is not viral. Bacterial means that the Typhus is in a single, complex cell. It also survives on its own in or out of the body. Antibiotics can normally be used to kill or prevent bacteria. In comparison, antibiotics have no effect on a viruses. Viral also need a host to multiply. Viruses cause infections by multiplying in a healthy

http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/180/6/1957.short Accessed 8th of September 2015. Online ISSN 1537-6613. written in 1999 by infectious diseases.

Transmitted through direct or indirect contact with contaminated faecal matter. It can also be transmitted through saliva

This disease is caused by a blood trematode, a flatworm that can survive in two hosts. It is spread through the water (CDC, 2012). Once a person gets in contact with freshwater that

intestine and shed their eggs in the faeces of infected person. Faecal contamination of the soil or

Typhoid fever is contracted by drinking or eating the bacteria in contaminated food or water. People with acute illness can contaminate the

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) typhoid fever affects 21.5 million people in developing countries as opposed to 5,700 annual cases in the U.S., mainly acquired from Americans who traveled internationally and had failed to receive the proper immunizations (CDC, 2013). Historically the only known host for Salmonella typhi has been humans and a small fraction of people like Typhoid Mary can recover from the disease and still carry the bacterium. Common symptoms of typhoid include a fever as high as 103˚-104˚ F, stomach pains, weakness, and in some cases patients may even develop a rash. Upon infection bacteria will adhere to tissue along the gastrointestinal tract and take refuge in macrophage cells, which together will travel the body through the lymphatic system. Some bacteria continue their journey through bodily organs like the liver and spleen; while others may choice to free themselves from their macrophage hosts and enter the bloodstream allowing a few to even invade the gall bladder. Eventually some of the bacteria are excreted into the stool of an infected person; typically a diagnosis for typhoid fever is affirmed by testing said person’s excrement for Salmonella typhi. In underdeveloped countries transmission of the disease is primarily ensued through the fecal-oral route. Particularly endemic areas suffer from the consumption of feces-contaminated water and food, which reside geographically along lines of poverty known for their poor water infrastructure and sanitation practices (Walsh, 2011). Although conditions of these endemic hot spots have overwhelmed natives, lessons in sanitation and personal hygiene have slightly mitigated incidence in these areas. Since typhoid fever is only transmitted between humans the key control measures