Environmental Factors Play a Key Role in the Development of Any Human Being

Cruelty can be a major conflict within a story, whether it destroys the characters physically or mentally. Perpetrators who attempt to diminish a victim’s humanity want to gain the power that would give them a sense of control over certain situations by draining happiness from them. Doing this contributes to the energy source that the perpetrators use in order to live a fulfilling life. These actions reveal that they not only want to cause chaos, but that they believe it will help their victims comprehend where they stand in society. In East of Eden, the theme of good versus evil opens the doors for cruelty, as seen through Cathy’s abandonment and Adam’s favoritism, causing the destruction of family members and unlocking the characters’ path

Human development perspective examines the biological, psychological and social development of individuals pertaining to behavior (Hutchison, 2015). The ecological system is a theoretical perspective that examines the individual within the environment that it lives (Garbarino, 1992). There are five subsystems to consider when examining this the individual subject within this perspective; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. According to Garbarino (1992) the ecological perspective tries to explain how the environment effects the development of the individual. The ecological perspective also explores the risks and opportunities in the social environment that affect the subject within each sub-systems (Garbarino, 1992). Risk can be described as any thing that threatens development of the individual, while opportunities support and assist in the development. This paper will review the effects of the environment on an individual by applying the ecological perspective to the life and experiences main character in the film ‘Slumdog Millionaire’.

Disability brings problems to schools too causing the child to be disadvantaged. These could include lack of specialist staff or poor staff knowledge which can lead to lack of socialisation and integration into the school.

There are many factors that can influence the development of infants and toddlers. Two of the largest are biological and environmental influences. Biological influences can include gender, prenatal care, and the mother’s prior states of health. Environmental influences are widely ranged and can include, but are not limited to, income, housing, teratogens, and stimuli. While these two influences are different, they sometimes interlock, creating a cycle within each other.

Charles, throughout his time in the novel, rages with jealousy from the acceptance and love he sees his father give Adam while all Charles receives is contempt and rejection. An example of Charles’ rejection of parental love can be seen in the birthday gifts the brothers gave to their father, Cyrus. While Charles spent six bits on a pearl-handled German knife for his father that Cyrus never ended up using, Adam gave him a free mongrel pup from a woodlot as a present and, “That dog sleeps in [Cyrus’] room. He plays with it while he’s reading. He’s got it all trained.” (Steinbeck Chapter 3) This shows how just like Cain, Charles’ gift was disrespected in the eyes of the Lord, or in this case, his father Cyrus, while just like Abel, Adam’s gift was respected and appreciated. Charles is consistently vying for his father’s love, only to be rejected by his father, and sees Cyrus give love and attention to Adam. He watches as Cyrus pressures Adam to join the army and give Adam long talks on private walks. Charles takes out his revenge due to his parental rejection on his brother, as, “If [Cyrus] liked [the knife] [Charles] wouldn’t have taken it out after [Adam].” (Chapter 3) Cal struggled with the same parental rejection in his own family with his twin brother Aron and his father Adam. Cal was made to feel as if he was "no good" by his father Adam. Thus, the same circumstance

The biblical story of Cain and Abel also plays a central role in the novel East of Eden. The novel portrays this analogy through the characters of both Charles and Adam, and Cal and Aron. In the Christian Old Testament, The Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve's sons, Cain and Abel, offer sacrifices to God. Because God prefers Abel's gift over Cain's, Cain becomes infuriated and kills his brother in a jealous rage. The characters of Charles and Adam Trask, who share the initials C&A with their biblical forebears, closely follow the Cain and Abel paradigm. Cyrus Trask favors Adam's birthday gift of a puppy over Charles' gift of an expensive knife, and Charles almost beats his brother Adam to death in a jealous rage. However, unlike Charles, Adam becomes the wanderer. Finally, Adam then later moves to California, where he settles and raises his twin sons. His brother, Charles, remains on their Connecticut farm. When Charles dies, he leaves his fortune to his brother: clearly, although jealousy drove them apart, the brotherly bond is still there. Years later, Adam's wife Cathy, or Kate, gives birth to the next generation of Trask brothers, Caleb Trask and Aron Trask; another set of brothers who share the initials C&A. Unsurprisingly, these brothers perpetuate the Cain and Abel ideology. After the birth of their sons, Cathy abandons Adam, and he sinks into such a severe depression that he neglects to even name his children. Samuel suggests to Adam that he name the children Cain and

In the book East of Eden by John Steinbeck, Caleb and Aron are the twin sons of Adam and Cathy Trask. Adam’s relationship with Cal and Aron closely resembles that of the biblical Cain and Abel parable. Adam, undoubtedly loving Aron more than Cal, is metaphorically shoving Cal into a corner by rejecting so many of his gifts and actions as a son. The relationship between Cal and Adam is a distant one from the beginning, neither making an effort to fully understand the other since Aron is so obviously the perfect child. Cal, jealous of Aron constantly holding his father’s attention, goes through many dilemmas on the journey to gain his father’s acceptance. In striving to ultimately gain his father’s blessing and acceptance, Cal demonstrates

Though Adam is favored by many throughout the book, he experiences rejection by those closest to him. The first rejection he feels is by his brother, Charles Trask. Through most of their childhood, Charles dislikes Adam because their father favors him. He is jealous of the relationship between Adam and their father because he tries so hard to please his father, but his father chooses Adam. Charles’ jealousy is seen when he confronts Adam after their father and Adam had a secret talk: “‘What did you do on his birthday? You think I didn’t see? Did you spend six bits or even four bits? You brought him a mongrel pup you picked up in a woodlot. You laughed like a fool and said it would make a good bird dog. That dog sleeps in his room… And where’s the knife? ‘Thanks,” [their father] said, just ‘Thanks’” (29). Charles believes that Adam does not even have to try to receive their father’s love, while Charles has to work his hardest to get any kind of recognition. Another person that rejects Adam is Cathy Trask, Adam’s wife. From the start of their relationship, Adam sees Cathy in a light that is not true to who she is. He sees her as the perfect wife that agrees with everything he says and wants to achieve the same dreams as he does. But this false notion of Cathy causes her to reject Adam. After moving across the country against her will and having children with Adam, Cathy believes she is ready to leave him. She tells Adam this, but he does not take it well and tries to convince her to stay. She replies “I don’t give a damn what you believe. I’m going… I can do anything to you. Any woman can do anything to you. You’re a fool” (199). She shoots Adam before leaving her twins and their house behind. Because Adam holds Cathy on a pedestal and continually

1. Which one, genetics (nature) or the environment (nurture), do you think plays a larger role in the development of who you are? Please provide me with what percentage you think each contributes, e.g., 50% genetics/50% environment.

Charles never kills his brother, but his jealousy and hatred remains with him throughout the book. Adam joins the army and leaves the farm, but after serving his time and wandering for many months he finally returns to the farm. It is at the farm where Adam first encounters Cathy Ames. The narrator calls Cathy a monster, a person with no morals, as a young girl burned her parents alive in their house and stole their money. Cathy ends up at the Trask farm after being beaten and left for dead by her lover. Adam nurses her back to health and finds himself falling in love with her. He marries her and they move to California. Cathy becomes pregnant and gives birth to twin boys: Caleb and Aaron. After giving birth to the twins, she shoots Adam in the shoulder and escapes to Salinas to become a madam of a whorehouse after murdering her predecessor. Caleb and Aaron (Aron) enact the second generation of Cain and Abel in the Trask family. Caleb, called Cal, is dark and conniving and Aron is handsome and liked by everyone. Just as it was with their father and Charles, Caleb yearns for his father's love and attention, but it is Aron who receives his father's love. Adam never tells his sons about their mother but Cal finds out. When Cal is rejected by his father, he seeks revenge against his brother by taking him to see their mother at the whorehouse.

Cain hated his brother but Cal truly loves his brother. So, when Cal finds out that his mother is still alive, he realizes that he should not tell his brother (380). Cal knows that his brother would not be able to handle the idea of their mother being alive or even the idea that their father lied. For his brother, he hides the secret. Cal also inspires Aron to go to college early as he tells him, “’I’m going to try to make some money. If you knuckle down and pass examinations a year early, why, I’ll help you through college’” (Steinbeck 476). Cal tries to be good to his brother, but unfortunately he lets his anger get the best of him. After being rejected by Adam, Cal becomes jealous of Aron and ignores his conscience. Despite the consequences, Cal tells Aron what he knows about their mother (546), which ends up indirectly killing Aron. Aron volunteers for the war in response to finding out about their mother and is killed in the war. Although Cal makes a couple of bad decisions, he also makes a lot of good choices to try to be a better person. In contrast to Cain who is viewed to have hated his brother, Cal loves his brother and feels guilty over his brother’s

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From time to time there are certain things that are hard to decide whether they are inherited or learned because there has been a large amount controversy, over nature and nurture. Whether inherited genes or the environment influences and affects our personality, development, intelligence, and behavior. However, Cory is influenced mainly by nature due to sports, standing up to his dad, and losing the fear of his dad.

The context of the environment plays a big role on how it influences an individual, or a whole population. Environment influences how people act, think and react to their surrounding environment. Such environment influence is depicted in Malcolm Gladwell's “The Power of Context: Bernie Goetz and the Rise and Fall Of New York City Crime” Gladwell highlights how the environment shapes individuals’ actions in the city of New York. During the 1980s New York City was different than what it is known today, in the 1980s it was full of crime and violence in every corner. As an explanation, he discusses the “Broken Window Theory” that once a window is broken more windows would eventually break, thus implying its impact in New York City’s crime. Additionally, Gladwell discusses that in order to change the violent environment there must be a “tipping point”, in which a major event has to happen in order for things to change, in his article it was Bernie Goetz’s shooting of the four African American kids. Similarly, such influence of the environment could be seen in Susan Faludi’s essay “The Naked Citadel” Faludi examines an all male institution called “The Citadel”, the young men have to conform to the surrounding environment that the institution provides. The upperclassmen, or knobs as they are called are psychologically repressed, and physically harassed by the upperclassmen. In the same context like the New York citizens in Gladwell, the knobs are exposed to a violent environment.

Studies have shown the impact a person’s environment can have on their upbringing, their attitude, their personality, and how they adapt or handle tough situations. No truer words are apparent with adolescents and how their environments can lead to substance abuse. For many adolescents, risk factors, such as family problems and community violence frequently lead to substance abuse (McWhirter et al., 2013). Society is very good at encouraging people just to do about anything. Though they may not go right out and say, “Go do this, or do that”, they sugarcoat it through subliminal messages, also known as commercials, television programs, movies, and advertisements. During a stage where adolescents are vulnerable and easily influenced, it is not too farfetched to think they will practice what they see. Companies that advertise alcoholic products make them seem glamorous and make the experience seem exciting. It is simpler to say that each person makes their own decisions, which affirms the first amendment of “freedom of choice”; however, it is necessary to recognize that at some point it becomes difficult to avoid all these possible addictions when they are plastered at every corner.