Environmental Toxicity and Cancer

substances is one of the most clearly demonstrated links between environmental exposures and cancer. The good news is the bladder cancer is probably a completely preventable disease, if exposure to the carcinogenic substances is limited or eradicated.

Also depicted in this paper is the type of cancers caused by each chemical and other related health problems associated with each chemical. Finally, the role of government agencies such as FDA, EPA and OSHA in preventing excessive amount or zero amounts of toxic chemicals from entering the environment will be discussed. The last paragraphs will enumerate the inferred conclusion from my research on Agent Orange, DDT and Benzene.

Also depicted in this paper is the type of cancers caused by each chemical and other related health problems associated with each chemical. Finally, the role of government agencies such as FDA, EPA and OSHA in preventing excessive amount or zero amounts of toxic chemicals from entering the environment will be discussed. The last paragraphs will enumerate the inferred conclusion from my research on Agent Orange, DDT and Benzene.

Dr. Marion Moses, a San Francisco physician active with farm worker groups and a member of the pesticide advisory committee of the Environmental Protection Agency said the main reason for cancer deaths

It has been proven that smoking is the cause of 30% of general cancer deaths and 80% of lung cancer deaths in the U.S. Lung cancer has also been found to be the biggest cause of cancer deaths among breast cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. This year alone, 190,500 of about 600,900 cancer deaths will be caused by smoking tobacco. This means that one in every three cancer patients will die due to tobacco products. In fact, smoking tobacco caused such high amounts of lung cancer that tobacco companies are legally required to include a surgeon general’s warning that outlines the potential of developing cancer on their packaging. The numbers and warnings of smoking-related lung cancer can be seen everywhere from statistics to the companies themselves being held liable for the illnesses their products

The Epidemiology Research Program strives at decreasing the stress of cancer by overseeing large, nationwide studies that they anticipate will increase the knowledge base of cancer related to the causation and survival as well as having an impact on cancer prevention programs (ACS, 2017a). They have a team of experts that manage everything pertaining to cancer prevention studies (ACS, 2017a). From these studies, they have published over 750 scientific articles, which have been utilized nationally as well as internationally (ACS, 2017a). They have made significant contributions to tobacco-related research, obesity, diet, activity levels, use of hormones, pollution, and other cancer related exposures (ACS, 2017a). For more than 60 years, information obtained involving the research of nearly 2.7 million men and women of the United States that were willing to be enrolled in the

The genes that are malfunctioning are classified into three groups: proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors. Pro-oncogenes produce protein products that would normally be able to enhance cell division or inhibit normal cell death. When these are mutated, they are known as oncogenes. The tumor suppressors make proteins that would be able to prevent cell division or cause cell death. Individual genetic differences also affect the susceptibility of a person to the carcinogenic effects of environmental agents. Around 10% of the population has an alteration in a gene. This causes an excessive amount of an enzyme that will break down hydrocarbons present in smoke and air pollutants, whose chemicals are then turned into carcinogens. These people are 25% more likely to develop cancer from hydrocarbons that are present in the air. (Moscow J, Morrow CS, Cowan KH,

According to the Office of National Statistics, in 2013, 29% of deaths in the UK were cancer related, making it the leading broad cause of death in the population. In the United States, 1 in 4 deaths are cancer related, and it is estimated that in a lifetime, there is 44% chance of contracting an invasive cancer if you are male, and a 38% chance if you are female  (Siegel et al. 2014). So, although our knowledge and education into different cancer mutagens such as UV radiation, chemical carcinogens and viruses  (Alberts et al. 2002), as well as cancer physiology and treatments may have improved, leading to a decrease in cancer related mortalities, there are still huge advances to be had in the field  (CRUK 2013).

The content of cancer causing chemicals like PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) is twice as high as the standard recommended by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration in the United States. These levels have been observed to cause liver cancer in fish. (Timoney 68) Fish from Lake Athabasca have been found with deformities other than liver cancer, like lumps or bumps. Cancer levels in people who live in Fort Chipewyan are much higher than in other parts of the country.(McLachlan 17) The Government of Canada says that the risk of cancer is small because people do not eat animals from the area

Globally, cancer is one of the leading causes of death (Fitzmaurice et al., 2015; WHO, 2012). It is continue to consider as a pandemic disease, take into account it's increasingly prevalence rate worldwide (Jacox, Daniel & Payne, 1994; American Cancer Society, 2015).

Cancer constitutes a challenging trial in numerous lives in our world. It not only alters a person’s livelihood and longevity, but it also affects family, friends, and society. Cancer cases have risen over the years. Subsequently, scientists and doctors strive to arrive at a solution to combat this serious dilemma. The complexity and variety of the disease complicates the process. Studies and research initiate ideas and theories between possible reasons for the growing numbers of cancer. One area of cancer research is on the effects of agricultural pesticides on human health. Although, agricultural pesticides have benefits, research shows agricultural pesticides also increase cancer risk, especially in children and farmers.

Cancer is caused by external and internal factors, such as tobacco, infectious organisms ,inherited genetic mutations ,immune conditions and hormones(4) . Many chemical material plays important roles in inducing cancers like diethylnitrosamine(DEN) which is present in some food products such as soybean, fish, cheese ,alcoholic beverages and cured meat and it is effective genotoxic carcinogen and used as an initiating

Cancer is the second most leading cause of death. Leukaemia is most common in children fourteen and younger. Five percent of cancer is hereditary. The cases of leukemia have increased years after. Multivitamins are one of many cases of cancer. Because pilots and flight attendants are so close to the sun they have higher risk of skin cancer. One thousand eight hundred kids from the ages of newborn to 14 were diagnosed with cancer after the explosion. The explosion caused leukemia and thyroid cancer.

Carcinogens are substances that are harmful to the body, such as smoking. Smoking is a known cause of lung cancer, and contains several chemical that are harmful to the body. NNAL and NNK are the most abundant carcinogen contained in smoking products. The body metabolizes these carcinogens with UGTs. UGTs are phase II detoxification enzymes, that increase water solubility and molecular weight of substrates. Preliminary data shows that UGT2B17 has the highest detoxification activity for the carcinogen, NNAL. The primary purpose of the research was to observe how gene deletions of UGT2B17, the detoxification enzyme, would increase lung cancer risk. The study also looked to observe risk associated with UGT metabolism differences in genders and

Leukemia has been known to been one of the most common pediatric cancer in the US. Around 80% of childhood leukemia is acute lymphocytic leukemia ( ) . There are about 2500 new cases of leukemia annually in kids under the age of 15 in the US. The statics show that younger white male has the highest chance of catching the illness. Texas has one of the highest rates when it comes to kids with the illness, with about 32 percent of the case being children ages 0-14. The reason why the population of leukemia is so high in this area is the environmental risk factor that comes with the area. In the early 90's the EPA come up with the term air toxins or air pollutants. The EPA come up with this from the concern of the area that had emission release from industrial facilities, refineries and also power plants and how would that have an impact on the human health in the area.( ) Though all of the air toxins were in question , the one that interest them the most was the benzene. Even though this is a big problem in adults it is almost detrimental to the young kid and even futures. The burning of fossil fuel can have an effect on kids even in the wound. Air toxin can have a much different adverse effect on young children especially those that are poor. They just have to be the most vulnerable because they don't have access to any