Enzymatic And Biochemical Constraints On The Utilization Of Terrestrially Derived Carbon

However, despite its many advantages biomass still has many disadvantages. Firstly it is not as efficient as fossil fuels, for example the ethanol produced for cars via biomass is not even close to the efficiency of petrol and does damage to engines over time. It also has the potential to harm the environment through increase of methane gases which are produced as a bi-product if animal and human waste is used. Biomass also requires a large distance away from residential areas in order to burn it and a large amount of fuel in comparison to other energy sources which can have dramatic effects if large portions of forests are cut down to provide lumber.1

You can identify a long-trend in the data provided by Globalview because it provides you with different sources and data from different areas around the world. Humans have increased the release of CO2 by like cement production, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels.

Schulze, E.D., Körher, C., Law, B.E., Haberl, H., S. (2012). Large-scale bioenergy from additional harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral. GCB Bioenergy, 4(6), 611-616.

In the article, the Burning Question, the issue of biomass energy via wood pellets was brought to question. This subject has deeply divided scientists, primarily from the chemistry and environmental science disciplines, economists, and politicians. Currently the use of wood pellets for energy, under the European Union, is classified as a carbon-neutral fuel. The argument for this designation lies in the regeneration of trees to take up the carbon released from burning past trees. However, many scientists call foul, basing their argument on the substantial lag period between burning trees and the regeneration of them. This period has led many to worry that such actions will worsen the current global warming crisis. Biomass energy plants produce,

Larger plants have special cells that form supportive tissues. These cells have extra thick and strengthened cell walls. To strengthen their cell walls, they produce a special carbohydrate called lignin. Lignin is the main substance that makes wood. For this reason, woody plants are said to be lignified.

Hopkins, David W. et al. "Genetically Modified Lignin Below Ground". Nat Biotechnol 25.2 (2007): 168-169. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

Ecologically speaking, the plant life is heavily dependent on dehydration synthesis. The cell wall of a plant is entirely composed of a carbohydrate- cellulose- that was constructed with dehydration synthesis and other nutrients. The cell walls are the leading reason for plants’, and trees’ stiffness. To further expand upon this idea, a maple tree is able to grow tall, partially due to the stiff cell wall. The importance of healthy and strong plant life to the environment should not go unnoticed. More importantly the contributions of dehydration synthesis are indirectly and directly responsible for the above applications, and drive several biological systems. Medically speaking, the absence of proteins has been linked to several health disorders such as Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The importance of properly constructed proteins is the difference between a healthy functioning brain and a disease that could result in death or other extreme negative side

More lignified plants also have a lower nutrient and energy content and tend to be less palatable. Lignin protects the plant from chemical and biological attack however it can be chemically treated to improve digestibility using sodium hydroxide or anyhydrous ammonia; these help break the bonds between the lignin and carbohydrates which then produces nutritionally improved straw (NIS) an ingredient seen in many fibre based commercial feeds (Carley, 2015). Good examples of fibre include hay, haylage and

Bergman, R., Puettmann, M., Taylor, A., & Skog, K. E. (2014). The carbon impacts of wood products. Forest Products Journal, 64(7), 220-231. Retrieved from http://proxy.library.brocku.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1635231746?accountid=9744

A more detailed overlook of the experiment is demonstrated in Figure 1. The figure depicts a positive trend between the substrates and the amount of carbon dioxide produced over time. It also shows that starch produced the least amount of CO2 from the rest of the substrates and was more at a plateau compared to the other three substrates. Starch only had a 0.3 mL increase from the 1-minute

Recently scientists were conducting a search for missing carbon on mars, some other scientists say it's time to call off the search. Mars once had an atmosphere filled with enough carbon to increase the temperature of the planet for oceans of water to flow. The mars described in the previous paragraph is very different from the current mars, a cold desert world. This massive change put many scientists on the search for this reservoir of carbon. This reservoir can not be found in the dirt or dust of the planet. Newer research suggests we may not have to find the massive carbon reservoir to find the to explain the planet's watery past. Also, the martin atmosphere was not very dense any way billions of years ago. Like any other planet mar's atmosphere is

Ethanol is a green renewable energy that produces from lignocellulosic materials. In the process, rice straw and corn straw required the physical pretreatment, chemical pretreatment at 100oC for 2 hours, and consequently with cellulase hydrolysis at pH 4.8, 42oC. Therefore, the concentration of 2 - 4 %(v/v) of HCl and H2SO4 were applied. Moreover, the 4 %(v/v) of HCl solution released the highest amounts of total sugar, glucose, and xylose. The corn straw produced the total sugar at 61.43 g/L while rice straw generated 27.36 g/L. The HCl pretreatment released a higher amount of xylose than glucose, In the corn straws, the HCl pretreatment produced the 14.59 g/L of xylose and 7.46 g/L of glucose whereas, in the rice straw pretreatment, the process

Eating vegetables and alternative protein sources can lower the carbon emission the most. The process to produce red meat and dairy food requires energy that

Wood is a porous material because of its cellular structure which allows for many internal voids (Eckelman). The plant cells located within wood are made to absorb water, as it is necessary for the functionality of the tree (“Wood and Water”, 2006). When wood first absorbs water, the water is transported and held within the cell walls. However, as these walls cannot hold a large amount of water, additional water fills the cavities of tubular cells within fibers of the wood. Wood is also categorized as a hygroscopic material. This allows for wood to naturally absorb and dissipate water within its contiguous environment. Density and water diffusivity of the wood affect the rate of absorption of water in wood (Noorolahi, Khazaei, and

The conservative scenario results in net reduction of more than 0.5 gigatons of carbon per year. The net reduction in moderate and optimistic scenarios are around 1.25 gigatons and almost 2 gigatons of carbon per year respectively. Under the optimistic plus scenario, the reduction is about 2.2 gigatons per year by 2050(“Using Biochar Systems to Sequester Carbon | Agricultural Marketing Resource Center”). The author further discusses the role that biochar systems can play in reducing greenhouse emissions levels. The following table has been presented in the article to show the contribution of biochar systems in GHG emission offset. Biochar alone can reduce the emissions by 10% in average. When the collective effect of all three offsets is