Enzyme Catalysts, Questions And Answers

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

One of the most significant reactions in Glycolysis is reaction one which involves the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. Through the transfer of the hydrolysis of ATP, this supplies energy for the reaction and makes it essentially irreversible, having a negative free energy change, which allows for a spontaneous reaction in cells. Although the preparatory phase is energy consuming and uses up 2 ATP, the pay off phase synthesizes 4 molecules of ATP, with the transfer of 4e- via 2 hydride ions to 2 molecules of NAD+. Therefore, a net gain of 2 ATP is achieved through the glycolytic pathway alone. Following the glycolytic pathway, due to the absence of oxygen, as oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to undergo aerobic respiration, the athlete will instead, undergo lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation involves pyruvate that is formed from the glycolytic pathway to be reduced to lactate, with the aid of the enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, while the coenzyme Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is oxidised to NAD+. The product NAD+ then re-enters the glycolytic pathway in order to produce 2 ATP. This process of lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP for each cycle, and thus, rapidly supplies the body with a small amount of energy. However, with the buildup of lactic acid in the body, the athlete will eventually encounter the feeling of discomfort as this accumulation of lactate causes the body to

As Jim’s muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed ATP through aerobic respiration because oxygen is unable to diffuse fast enough into his muscle fibers. At this time anaerobic

d) Janine said that increasing muscle mass increases metabolism. Is she right? If so, how does this work? If not, why not? Check a biology textbook for information on the structure of muscle cells for clues.

A) Describe in your own words, in as much detail as you can, the anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate. B) Draw this pathway (by hand), indicating all substrates, enzymes, cofactors and products. (You do not need to include reaction mechanisms.)

All cells in the human body require sufficient amount of energy in order to sustain life. Cells get their energy through a process called cellular respiration. In this process cells use glucose in the presence of oxygen as a fuel source to synthesize highly energetic molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is immediately consumed after its formation, so the process of cellular respiration is constantly ongoing. The starting components, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide, water and energy. The process of cellular respiration can be divided into three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain. At the end of the process a total of 38 ATP molecules are produced. In this experiment,

Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011).

The third and final step in cellular respiration is the electron transport chain which takes place in the inner mitochondrion membrane. This process uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. These high-energy electrons are first passed along the electron transport chain. Every time 2 electrons travel down this chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane. These H+ ions escape through channels into an ATP synthase. This causes it to spin, transforming the ADP into ATP. On average, each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron

Substrate level phosphorylation that occurs in the citric cycle to make more ATP. The net result of the entire of cellular respiration with one glucose molecule is 32 ATP. Fermentation - A catabolic process that anaerobically creates lactic acid.

a. extra fructose in the liver gets turned into fat which gets wedged in the

Glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is the breakdown of the glucose. There is a multistep process in which a glucose molecule with 6 carbon atoms into 2 molecule of 3 carbon atoms of pyruvate. Energy form ATP needed in the last steps but energy release in the last steps. There is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose broken down.

-Jim has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and breathing rates still so high? Now, answer in terms of ATP production by way of aerobic respiration vs. lactic acid fermentation. (3 points)

The ATP/PC system, which lasts up to 10 seconds, is the body’s initial source of fuel and is reliant on its stores of ATP and CP and provides the required burst of energy without the presence of oxygen for high intensity purposes. This burst of energy is due to separating of the chemical bonds between the Phosphate and Creatine which releases additional energy that helps produce more ATP so that we have it upon requirement for only a short period of time. This system is the most dominant system because this system is

But a small quantity of ATP is socked away in your muscles for when you need to expend a short burst of energy in a hurry. Let’s say you’re doing a single barbell squat with close to max weight. As you power the weight up, the muscles of your hips, thighs and lower back immediately burn through their ATP stores. Once the ATP has done its job, it’s either further broken down or recycled (with the help of another substance, creatine phosphate, or CP), so it can provide more energy to your working muscles.

Synthesis by transfer of high energy phosphoryl groups from high energy compounds to ADP. The synthesis occurs in both mitochondrion and in cytoplasm.