Enzymes in detergent
1) What enzymes are used to make this product?
There are essentially six main enzymes involved in detergent, specifically amylases, proteases, lipases, pectinases, cellulases, and mannanases. Each of these enzymes are responsible for targeting stains containing specific macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
2) What type of reactions do the enzymes catalyze, and why is this of value?
Amylases are typically responsible for catalysing the breakdown of starches which can be of value in removing the stains of foods such as cereals, pastas, and gravies. The enzyme hydrolyses the bonds within the starch molecule which decomposes it into dextrins and other oligosaccharides, which are soluble and can easily be removed in the wash.
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For example, the source of two types of proteases are Bacillus alcalophilus and Bacillus lentus. The most common sources of amylases are the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus licheniformis. On the other hand, lipases are currently being sourced from yeast, bacteria, fungus, and from mammals. Biotex is the main source of cellulases, and have been in use since 1987.
4) Have the enzymes been modified for the process?
One example of enzyme modification for its use in detergents are cellulases. This enzyme which is used to maintain the quality and brightness of clothing can be chemically modified to have a greater stability when used in an alkaline medium. This is done by exposing the cellulases to certain reagents like malcic anhydride. Another example of a modified enzyme would be the alkaline protease, which replaced the endogenous protease. This enzyme was derived from an alkalophilic strain of bacteria called Bacillus cereus, and is currently being used due to its stability at higher water temperatures.
7) What careers are associated with the industry that produces the product you
Hydrolysis of starch for fungal amylase Aspergillus Oryzae and bacterial amylase Bacillus Licheniformis at different temperatures.
These results shown from this experiment led us to conclude that enzymes work best at certain pH rates. For this particular enzyme, pH 7 worked best. When compared to high levels of pH, the lower levels worked better. The wrong level of pH can denature enzymes; therefore finding the right level is essential. The independent variable was the amount of pH, and the dependent being the rate of oxygen. The results are reliable as they are reinforced by the fact that enzymes typically work best at neutral pH
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is
Introduction: Enzymes are protein catalysts facilitating the conversion of substrates into products (Alexander and Peters, 2011). They go through a whole chemical reaction which starts off with the substrate and then ends up with a product. The only way this reaction can be adjusted or not even work is if they end up going through some sort of affect which only temperature and pH levels can do determining the environment. When enzymes are in an environment that is too acidic or alkaline, their chemical properties, sizes and shapes can become altered (Magher, 2015) Chemical modification of proteins is widely used as a too; to maintain a native conformation, improving stability (Rodriguez-Cabrera, Regalado, and Garcia-Almendarez, 2011) In this experiment, four trials were conducted and recorded every 15 seconds for 5 minutes in order to calculate the optimum levels and IRV.
Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011).
In this lab experiment the action of the enzyme Amylase was observed on starch (the substrate). Amylase changed the starch into a simpler form, the sugar maltose, which is soluble in water. Maltose then breaks down the glucose chains of starch in the pancreas and intestines. Amylase is present in human saliva, and begins to act on the starch in the food while still in the mouth. Exposure to heat or extreme PH (acid or base) will denature proteins. Enzymes, including amylase, are proteins; if denatured enzymes can no longer act as a catalyst for the reaction. In the presence of potassium iodide, starch turns a dark purple color; however maltose does not react with I2KI. The rate of fading of starch allows a quantitative measurement of reaction rate.
Enzymes are central to every biochemical process. Due to their high specificity they are capable of catalyzing hundreds of reactions that signifies their vast practical importance.
“Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions” [1], “that speed up or slow down reactions”[2], “indispensable to maintenance and activity of life”[1]. They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. An active site is “a region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs”[2].
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They work by lowering the activation energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction. Enzymes work within an optimal temperature and optimal pH. Enzymes are highly specific for a single substrate. The Enzyme is usually much larger in size than the substrate it binds to. In some cases, an enzyme requires something called a cofactor to begin the chemical reaction. There were four different experiments that were executed in the enzyme lab. Experiment 7.1, the first experiment, was performed to test the effect of temperature on enzymatic
To test enzyme activity, an experiment was conducted in the laboratory. In this experiment, the enzyme Amylase was chosen because it assists disassemble the polysaccharide starch. Starch is the main energy storage in plants. Human cells need the energy of stored in the starch to be introduced in the form of Maltose. Maltose is a simple sugar that can be used to generate the energy needed to power cellular work
There are many types of enzymes and each has a specific job. Enzymes are particular types of proteins that help to speed up some reactions, such as reactants going to products. One of them is the amylase enzyme. Amylases are found in saliva, and pancreatic secretions of the small intestine. The function of amylase is to break down big molecules of starch into small molecules like glucose; this process is called hydrolysis. Enzymes are very specific; for example, amylase is the only enzyme that will break down starch. It is similar to the theory of the lock
In all living things, there are chemical reactions that happen within these living organisms to help them either break up energy or use the molecules for other bodily functions. One of the main chemical reactions are caused by something called Enzymes. Enzymes are basically catalyst that are organic which are made up of hundreds of amino acids and are pertained as fairly large (Biology Department, n.d, p.34). Similar to other catalyst, enzymes have the capability of fulfilling their function without allowing themselves to be consumed as well as disfigured. Enzymes can also carry on their function without changing the chemical equilibrium between reactants and products (Cooper GM, 2000). Enzymes main function is to help quicken the chemical reaction rate. These enzymes work in a way where there is a little area that is comparable to a depression. This depression area is known as the active site which is where the enzymes bond to. “The binding of a substrate to the active site is a very specific interaction” (Cooper GM, 2000). On top of the acceleration of chemical reactions, the enzyme has two other parts as well. The second function of enzymes is that they have specific reactants that they work with and these are called the substrates. These substrates help produce products for living organisms. Lastly, enzymes work in a way where if one was missing, the end product could be catastrophic. “Enzymes are regulated from a state of low activity to a state of high activity and
Enzymes are essential proteins that lower the activation energy and provide standard living needs. They regulate pigments, breakdown starches and proteins, act as treatments for heart attacks, cancer and replace old tissues (Alberte et al., 2012). Enzymes act as catalysts which regulate how metabolic processes work. Enzymes are three-dimensional shapes that fit into a reactant molecule known as a substrate. This substrate binds to its specific home known as an active site. When a substrate binds to the active site it creates a process known as the enzyme-substrate complex which creates a final product. The purpose of an active site is to determine the specific characteristics of each enzyme for example the charge, shape and hydrophobic/hydrophilic (Alberte et al., 2012). During this process, the substrate’s chemical bonds are being modified but the enzyme itself is not changed or
In this lab or experiment, the aim was to determine the following factors of enzymes: (1) the effects of enzymes concentration the catalytic rate or the rate of the reaction, (2) the effects of pH on a particular enzyme, an enzyme known and referred throughout this experiment as ALP (alkaline phosphate enzyme) and lastly (3) the effects of various temperatures on the reaction or catalytic rate. Throughout the experiment 8 separate cuvettes and tubes are mixed with various solutions (labeled as tables 1,3 & 4 in the apparatus/materials sections of the lab) and tested for the effects of the factors mentioned above (concentration, pH and temperature). The tubes labeled 1-4 are tested for pH with pH paper and by spectrophotometer, cuvettes 1a-4a was tested for concentration and cuvettes labeled 1b-4b was tested for temperature in four different atmospheric conditions (4ºC, 23ºC, 32ºC and 60ºC) to see how the enzyme solution was affected by the various conditions. After carrying out the procedures the results showed that the experiment followed the theory for the most part, which is that all the factors work best at its optimum level. So, the optimum pH that the enzymes reacted at was a pH of 7 (neutral), the optimum temperature that the reactions occurs with the enzymes is a temperature of 4ºC or
Enzymes are very specific in nature, which helps them in reactions. When an enzyme recognizes its specific substrate, the