Enzymes For Brewing Beer And Fermenting Cheese

In this lab or experiment, the aim was to determine the following factors of enzymes: (1) the effects of enzymes concentration the catalytic rate or the rate of the reaction, (2) the effects of pH on a particular enzyme, an enzyme known and referred throughout this experiment as ALP (alkaline phosphate enzyme) and lastly (3) the effects of various temperatures on the reaction or catalytic rate. Throughout the experiment 8 separate cuvettes and tubes are mixed with various solutions (labeled as tables 1,3 & 4 in the apparatus/materials sections of the lab) and tested for the effects of the factors mentioned above (concentration, pH and temperature). The tubes labeled 1-4 are tested for pH with pH paper and by spectrophotometer, cuvettes 1a-4a was tested for concentration and cuvettes labeled 1b-4b was tested for temperature in four different atmospheric conditions (4ºC, 23ºC, 32ºC and 60ºC) to see how the enzyme solution was affected by the various conditions. After carrying out the procedures the results showed that the experiment followed the theory for the most part, which is that all the factors work best at its optimum level. So, the optimum pH that the enzymes reacted at was a pH of 7 (neutral), the optimum temperature that the reactions occurs with the enzymes is a temperature of 4ºC or

Enzymes are biological catalysts, which means it decreases activation energy in reactions. The lower activation energy in a reaction, the faster the reaction rate. Many enzymes alter their shape when they bind to the activation site. This is called induced fit, meaning for the enzyme to work to its full potential it has to change shape to binding substrate. The location of enzyme’s activation site is on the surface of the enzyme, where the binding of substrates take place. Enzyme activity can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors. If the concentration of enzyme is low, and there is a great deal of substrate, then increasing enzyme concentration results in more molecules available to convert substrates to products. Thus, increasing enzyme concentration can increase reaction rate. If substrate concentrations are low, and many of the existing enzymes are idle because of a lack of substrate, then adding enzyme will have no effect on reaction rate. Enzyme concentration affects the enzyme activity, because the more enzyme concentration the faster the reaction rate, until it hits it’s limiting factor. When substrate concentration is increased, it also increases rate of reaction. Temperature plays an important

Hypothesis: I believe the rate of reaction will speed up as the temperature increases until it reaches about 37oC, which is the body temperature, where it will begin to slow down and stop reacting. I believe this will occur because enzymes have a temperature range at which they work best in and once the temperature goes out of this range the enzyme will stop working.

As the temperature increases, so will the rate of enzyme reaction. However, as the temperature exceeds the optimum the rate of reaction will decrease.

Enzymes are globular proteins, they are responsible for most of the chemical activities of a living organism. They act as catalysts, substances that affects the reaction of other substances without being destroyed or altered during the process. They are extremely efficient in the body system of living organisms, one enzyme may catalyse over a thousand chemical reactions every second. But there are certain conditions that need to be fulfilled in order for the enzymes to work. Temperature of the environment must be correct for each enzyme because different enzymes will have different temperature ranges in which they can live. pH levels in the environment must also be correct because if the

Question: How does changing enzyme concentration or temperature affect the reaction time of enzyme activity?

Enzymes are a proteins in the body made up of amino acids. They are capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that occur in your body. Enzymes connect to substrates and breaks the substrate down to chemical products far more quickly than the random chemical reactions that would have occurred without the enzyme. The enzymes in the cuvette consist of 1 drop of guaiacol, 3 drops of hydrogen peroxide, and 2.8 ml of pH 7 buffer. Each cuvette had their own conditions that set them apart from each other.

Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011).

However, the rate of reaction only increases for a certain period of time until there is lesser substrate molecules than the enzyme molecules. The increase of enzyme concentration does not have effect if there are lesser substrate molecules than enzyme molecules initially.

An enzyme stock was created by crushing a Lactaid pull with a mortar and pestle and dissolving it in 10ml of 0.1M Phosphate buffer. After letting it dissolve in a beaker for a couple of minutes, the enzyme solution of Lactase isolated from Lactaid was filtered into another beaker with a small paper towel. Following filtration, 0.5ml of the stock enzyme solution was added to the 4.5ml buffer, transferring 0.5ml from one tube to the next. This serial dilution took place to determine the optimal dilution that will be used for the experiment. Phosphate buffer was used as the blank in the spectrophotometer which was set at a wavelength of 420.

INTRODUCTION: Enzymes are catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Activation energy is the amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place. Enzymes act on substrates which bind to the enzymes’ active site. The enzyme changes its shape to accommodate the substrate which creates the new product. Furthermore, there are optimal conditions which will allow the enzymes to function at its highest rate. These opyimal conditions include temperature, pH levels, and the concentration of the enzyme (Fox, 2013). If the environment is not suited for the enzymes’ optimal conditions then enzymatic reactions cannot occur at its highest rate or may not even react at all. For example, if the temperature is higher than the enzyme’s optimal temperature then the enzyme may become denatured.

Enzymes are high molecular weight molecules and are proteins in nature. Enzymes work as catalysts in biochemical reactions in living organisms. Enzyme Catecholase is found on in plants, animals as well as fungi and is responsible for the darkening of different fruits. In most cases enzymatic activities are influenced by a number of factors, among them is temperature, PH, enzyme concentration as well as substrate concentration (Silverthorn, 2004). In this experiment enzyme catecholase was used to investigate the effects of PH and enzyme concentration on it rate of reaction. A pH buffer was used to control the PH, potato juice was used as the substrate and water was used as a solvent.

Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).

Enzymes are central to every biochemical process. Due to their high specificity they are capable of catalyzing hundreds of reactions that signifies their vast practical importance.

Enzymes are a substance that acts as a catalyst in order to create a specific biochemical reaction. Enzymes’ major function is to accelerate chemical reactions in the body (Radzicka & Wolfenden, 1995, p. 5198). Working to create products, Enzymes act upon substrates converting them into new molecules called products. Most of the metabolic processes in the human body require enzymes to create the reaction in a timely manner as to sustain life. The metabolic process that occurs in each cell is determined by the set of enzymes within the cell.