Ephedrine Synthesis

The main purpose of this article is to see what factors can contribute to the risk of induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia during a pregnancy. This article states that Preeclampsia and Hypertension can cause maternal morbidity. In this article they assess the exposure to chemicals or a physically demanding workload to the cause of a hypertensive disorder during a pregnancy.

According to the American Pregnancy organization “more than 50% of woman giving birth at hospitals use Epidural Anesthesia”. These women turn to epidural to relieve the pain of labor; however this decision poses many risks to both mother and child. An epidural is a type of regional anesthesia where pain medication is administered to the lumbar and sacral region of the back near clusters of nerves. The placement allows for nerve impulses to be blocked from the lower regions of the body resulting in decreased sensations. Although the epidural is known for taking pain away it could very well cause it too. Epidurals include the use of various narcotics and have side effects like hypotension, fever, fetal malposition, decreased fetal heart rate, respiratory depression, breastfeeding complications, an increased likelihood of operative vaginal delivery and cesarean and many more. These are the effects faced in result to a procedure that is not definite to work. In Fact “One in every 8 women” (OAA) will experience inadequate pain relief and must venture to other means of medication. Therefore, mothers should abstain from epidural anesthesia due to the risks it poses to themselves and to the fetus.

A commonly known procedure when it comes to hospital births are epidurals. An epidural is an injection of a drug between the “epidural space” which causes

The use of a vasopressor in short exposure, usually no more than nine hours at a rate of .51 micrograms/kg/min. Norepinephrine, an alpha 1 and 2 receptor, is a vasoconstrictor being used to treat hypotension that is not responding to fluid replacement, in turn not regulation the mean arterial pressure. NE given to reduce the symptoms of sepsis shock due to being a Beta 1 activator. Adverse effects of NE alter heart rate or rhythm, cause angina and possible overdose if maximum dose limit is exceeded. (Girard, Opal & Ely, 2005)

Childbirth is the action of giving birth to a child, it is a process which includes stages such as, the dilation of the cervix, emergence of the baby, then the placenta being expelled. In fact, the mother gets to choose rather or not she has a natural child birth. The mother’s options include, a non-medicated, or a medicated childbirth, in which the mother is prescribed epidural. However, in some instances the mother does not get to choose if she is prescribed with epidural. For example, if the baby is coming sooner than the doctor expected that leads to an emergency birth or if the mother is under eighteen, then the mother may have to give birth unmediated. Epidural is a powerful drug, so any mother under the age of eighteen would need a form

The biochemical substances released though out the body are norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine and catecholamine. Catecholamine increases body pressure and heart rate, but reduce blood flow. However, in pregnant women once catecholamine is active in the body, it can cut off the oxygen and blood flow needed for the baby and can cause premature labor. That is why therapeutic Guided Imagery is extremely important with pregnant patients, because the relaxation techniques can help reduce all muscle tension in the body. Researchers have formed many groups that have scientifically proven decrease in stress in pregnant patients with the help of therapeutic Guided

There are many reasons why an infant or fetus may suffer from hypoxia before and after birth. Some of them include maternal anemia which decreases the oxygen rich red blood cells carried to the fetus. Maternal smoking which can damage the fetus due to high levels of carbon monoxide. Lack of adequate fetal monitoring has a huge impact on the mother and fetus. Another common complication is placental abruption which can be caused from substance abuse and preeclampsia. Risk factors for preeclampsia include chronic high blood pressure before becoming pregnant, previous pregnancies with preeclampsia, pregnancy occurring under the age of 20 and

This paper discusses the excessive blood loss that occasionally occurs in women following labor, also referred to as postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Postpartum hemorrhage is an emergent and life-threatening situation that can occur from several different issues. If not treated appropriately postpartum hemorrhaging can lead to hypovolemic shock and possibly maternal demise. This paper will cover the pathophysiology behind the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage, as well as the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings it presents with. As postpartum hemorrhage also has an impact on the infant and family of the patient experiencing PPH, implications for the family members and infant will be examined. Lastly, treatments for postpartum hemorrhage will be mentioned throughout the paper. The treatments will be correlated with the discussion of the different causes of PPH, as treatment is sometimes dependent on the underlying cause of the hemorrhage.

Over the past 50 years, laboratory and clinical studies have described the physiologic effects of the Trendelenburg position in normal and hypotensive states. Because of conflicting results, differing opinions thrive with regard to the usefulness of the position in various medical applications. Some of these applications include hypovolemic or septic shock, abdominal surgery, patients under general or regional anesthesia and patients with spontaneous or controlled ventilation. More specifically, the usefulness of the Trendelenburg position comes into question in the field of anesthesia for central catheter placement, and the administration of certain drugs at the spinal level. Even though numerous studies have proven no significant evidence showing the Trendelenburg position to be effective, a considerable number of present-day clinical protocols and guidelines developed by the health administration and natural scientific societies do, in fact, include leg raising in the decubitus supine position as a standard procedure for hypotension. However, the utility attributed to the Trendelenburg position in this situation is in severe contrast with most of the studies reviewed, which include that, despite possible improvement in cardiac output,

The use of epidural analgesia negatively affect the parent- newborn relationship, because the drug causes complications for both parties. First, the labor becomes prolong, which put stress on the mother and newborn. Also, when the newborn becomes exposed to the drug he or she tend to be sleepy and withdrawn, which does not provide the mother and child a chance to bond. This takes away from the emotional attachment a baby receives from their mother, when their initially placed in their arms. Also, the drug effects the newborn ability to be breastfed, because he or she suck poorly, and tend to be irritable when awake. Further, creating a negative mother-newborn interaction, because the newborn is withdrawn emotionally and physically from their

Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline. Epinephrine is the hormone that raises the heart rate and increases the blood pressure. The Adrenal Gland is what produces epinephrine. The way epinephrine affects our body is when the “adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the bloodstream it signals the heart to pump harder this increased the blood pressure, and then opens airways in the lungs, narrowing blood vessels in the skin and intestine to increase blood flow to major muscle groups, and then enables the body to fight or run when encountering a perceived threat. For example, this hormone is the one responsible for the way you would act up when a bully picks on you and you have to decide whether to fight or run away.

Having the option for an epidural anesthetic to help minimize the pain with delivering a child is significant to many women. While in practice we may be asked: “How does an epidural work and will it hurt my infant?” We need to have the knowledge to help us answer this question.

An epidural is an injection into your back that numbs your body so that you are unable to feel the contractions. They work by blocking pain nerves as they enter the spinal cord. Also, as epidurals numb feelings it can make it hard to know when to push. One of the side effects of an epidural is that your legs may feel numb and unable to hold your weight, which can restrict your movements. This is the most effective form of pain relief and doesn’t enter the baby’s

All active drugs should have no or minimal toxicity associated with their clinical application. Prodrug approaches can efficiently exploit to minimize toxicity of a specific drug candidate. Epinephrine is used to treat glaucoma which can cause several ophthalmic and systemic adverse effects. However, its ester prodrug dipivalylepinephrine exhibited enhanced bioavailability and lesser side effects than free epinephrine (Figure 5) (Mandell et al., 1978). Similar approaches were persuaded for a number of anti-inflammatory drugs where gastric irritation and bleeding are the most common side effects accompanied with their aaplication. Esterification of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents was found to be significantly suppress

A big question when for a pregnant woman is epidural or no epidural. There are many reasons that go into that decision but one of the biggest is pain. However, there is another option that is seemingly underutilized in the United States, nitrous oxide. According to Plenda (2014), between 50-60% of women in Finland, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom have been using nitrous oxide as analgesia during labor for generations, yet only 1% of the hospitals in the United State give it as an option. Nitrous oxide should be further investigated and possibly implemented as another option for American women in the labor and delivery setting.