Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology, And Treatment Of Bronchiectasis Essay

Acute bronchitis is one of the five top reasons to seek medical care in the United States. The incidence of acute bronchitis is typically higher in fall and winter season, accounting for 82% of the cases (Fayyaz, 2014). It affects full spectrum of population including any age group, gender and demographics. The incidence of acute bronchitis accounts for 36 million office visits annually (Blush, 2013). Although it can be seen in variety of patients, children tend to get acute bronchitis as many 6 times a year where as adults acquire about two to four on average every year (Blush, 2013). These

Putting the words back together, chronic bronchitis is the chronic inflammation and swelling of the bronchial mucosa, which can lead to scarring and a variety of other clinical manifestations. This is where we can correlate the clinical findings from MK’s case study to the chronic bronchitis. Here we find clinical manifestations such as chronic coughing with more severe fits in the morning with sputum, excessive peripheral edema, light-headedness, distended neck veins, and increased night urination. The most predominant symptom in chronic bronchitis is the chronic cough, which can last over the course of three months successively for at least two years. This is a result of inflammation of the bronchial mucosa which leads to hypertrophy and causes scarring to occur. The hypertrophy then cause the over production of mucus which results in the chronic coughing as the body tries to get rid of the excess mucus. MK states that she has been smoking for the past 22 years which points to her experiencing smokers cough with more severe fits in the morning. This is explained due to M.K. laying down overnight that can cause the mucus to build up and can

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) develops as a result of an infant 's lungs becoming irritated or inflamed. It is considered a chronic lung disease. BPD progresses from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), usually with atelectasis, consolidation, and massive fibrosis. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is most common in premature infants who needed mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy to survive. Although life-saving, these treatments can also cause lung damage. BPD has been a severe chronic lung disease in premature infants, going back to 1967. Northway et al described it a lung injury in premature infants and the classic BPD had four stages. Each of the stages has radiographically and pathologically differences.

To give you some information on what is respiratory disease is. The composition of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles changes. Smaller tubes don’t need a lot cartilage to hold them open, so the incomplete rings of the cartilage supporting the bronchi are slowly replaced by plates of cartilage in the bronchioles. Also without that cartilage the small tubes can be completely shut by contraction of the smooth muscles. So dealing with asthma and other obstructive respiratory diseases, this smooth muscle becomes irritated and tightens,reducing the diameter of the tubes, sometimes even effectively closing it. Take Bronchitis is a diease of the lower respiratory tract. It is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi.

Chronic bronchitis is caused by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. These tubes carry oxygen to and from the alveoli of the lungs.

For this paper, I decided to write about bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is a respiratory disease that takes on the appearance of cystic fibrosis. It is caused by the buildup of mucous causing the airways to stretch and widen and are irreversible. (American Lung Association, 2015) I chose to write about bronchiectasis because one of my dear friends has recently been diagnosed with this respiratory disease. Jasmine Coleman was born with a rare blood disorder and as a child she was always in and out of the hospital because she was more susceptible to infections, pneumonia was the main problem. Her condition was so severe that she wasn’t expected to have lived through high school, but she is still with us today. Over time her airways have built up with mucous and she began to cough up large amounts of blood. She had undergone various testing and treatments to try to figure out what was wrong. It was only recently when she was finally diagnosed with bronchiectasis. She has only 22 percent lung function and that is mainly in her left lung for her right lung is filled with blood. She is currently on six liters of oxygen when she is out and about and two liters for when she is resting. (Times Bulletin, 2015) She may be

Progress inside the bronchi generally makes this affected individual experience less than breathing. They should find them selves breathing problems along with breathing problems, experiencing ache in stomach place or, using some circumstances, breathing problems along with paying blood. Others will present signs along with signs

Bronchiolitis is one of those illnesses. The virus most often occurs in children two to twenty-four months of age (Davidson, 2013). It is an illness that spares few, afflicting approximately 95% of children before their second birthday (Davidson, 2013). The virus peaks during the winter months from December through March and accounts for 10% of visits to the primary care provider during the first two years of life (Burns et. al., 2017). It is the leading cause of hospital admissions for infants (Burns et. al., 2017). Bronchiolitis is one of those illnesses every practitioner should confidently know how to manage due to the vast amount of children it afflicts. The AAP released a clinical practice guideline in October 2014.Familiarity with this guideline is essential to effective

Bronchiectasis is a lung condition which may create breathing problems that produce dramatic effects on how you function on a day to day basis. It causes the airways that bring air both to and from the lungs to widen and become flimsy, slowing the ability of the airway to clear away mucus. After enough time, this will prevent the airways to moving air in and out of the lungs.

The type of treatment and recommendations that would be appropriate for M.K.’s chronic bronchitis is to

The World Health Organization (WHO) (2006A) defines COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not wholly reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. John's chronic bronchitis is defined, clinically, as the presence of a chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years, provided other causes of chronic cough have been ruled out. (Mannino, 2003). The British lung Foundation (BLF) (2005) announces that chronic bronchitis is the inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes which is the explanation for John's dyspnea. The BLF (2005) believe that when the bronchi become inflamed less air is able to flow to and from the lungs and once the bronchial tubes have been irritated over a long period of time, excessive mucus is produced. This increased sputum results from an increase in the size and number of goblet cells (Jeffery, 2001) resulting in John's excessive mucus production. The lining of the bronchial tubes becomes thickened and an irritating cough develops, (Waugh & Grant 2004) which is an additional symptoms that john is experiencing.

Bronchiolitis is defined by the textbook as, “a diffuse, inflammatory obstruction in the small airways or bronchioles occurring most commonly in children” (Heuther & McCance, 2012). It is an acute inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract that occurs most commonly in infants and is caused by infection with seasonal viruses such as respiratory synctial virus (RSV) (Zorc & Hall, 2010). Bronchiolitis often results from an obstruction of the small airways. It is the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the United States (Zorc & Hall 2010) and is arguably the most common significant medical illness of childhood, with at least “1 in 7 normal infants developing symptomatic bronchiolitis in his or her first year of

The pathophysiology of brochopulmonary dysplasia is not yet completely comprehended. (Hadjiliadis, 2013) There are indeed a variety of virulent causes that dower to the pattern of growth in BPD. BDP starts off by injuring the smaller airways, which eventually results in a reduction of the functional vital capacity in the lungs. Due to the premature nature in the lungs in preterm and low birth weight infants, the lungs most often than not, are under developed, making them easily irritated and susceptible to lung injury within hours or days after birth. (Hadjiliadis, 2013) As the injury progresses, gas exchange become compromised causing a decrease in oxygenated blood to the lungs therefore triggering irritation and

90% of bronchitis cases are related to viruses. Acute bronchitis is a self-limit respiratory disorder, and when the cough persists for >3 weeks, other diagnoses must be considered. Fewer than 10% of patients will have a bacterial infection diagnosed as the cause of bronchitis. Therefore the widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment of acute bronchitis is not justified, and vigorous efforts to curtail their use should be encouraged (Braman,

Bronchiolitis is a serious respiratory illness that occurs most frequently in the first year of life and is the leading cause of hospital admissions (1, 2). It is usually caused by respiratory viruses (3, 4). Bronchiolitis is a clinical diagnosis, based on symptoms including rhinorrhoea, fever, paroxysmal cough, respiratory distress, irritability and difficulty feeding (3, 5-7).