Epidemiology Of Murmurs

To determine if the patient’s chest pain is related to cardiac ischemia, you would look for ST-segment depression and/or T wave inversion. If the ST-segment depression is at least 1mm (one small box) below the isoelectric line, it is significant and occurs in response to inadequate supply of blood and oxygen, which leads to an electrical disturbance. Once this is treated, adequate blood flow is restored, the ECG changes will resolve, and the ECG will return back to patient’s baseline.

12 Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) - There are typical changes to the normal pattern of the ECG in a heart attack. Patterns that occur include pathological Q waves and ST elevation (Koutoukidis, Stainton & Hughson 2013, p. 505). However, it is possible to have a normal ECG even if a patient has had a heart attack. The indicators for this test include: suspected myocardial infarction, suspected pulmonary embolism, perceived cardiac dysrhythmias, fainting or collapse, a third heart sound, fourth heart sound, a cardiac murmur or other findings to indicate structural heart disease. The

Parker included collecting cues in 12-lead ECG, blood pressure, potassium level, sodium level, the warmth of hands and feet and pain score (Corrales-Medina et al., 2012). Also, the process involved identifying the risk factors associated with the patient's condition. From the immediate assessment, it included weight, smoking history, history of depression and family history of cardiac conditions (Corrales-Medina et al., 2012). One evening, Mr. Parker slumped on the bed; I monitored the continuous cardiac monitor to determine his heart rhythm. Based on current information, the T wave on the ECG indicated that the ventricles are repolarising (Levett-Jones et al., 2010).

A heart murmur are harmless, healthy and don’t need a treatment. During a physical exam, doctors know that every child has a heart murmur and can hear the whooshing sound. There are some things that can be abnormal when it can be very damaged by the heart valve which 1/3 of the populations are born with valve problems. This condition is making the heart go faster than it normally would and it can be forced to have the blood goes faster. The causes are anemia, high blood pressure, thyroid, and a fever. Those causes can make the blood flow a lot faster, which can be dangerous if the problems are by the birth defect of the child. The valves open and close by four chambers, two on top and two on bottom. Stenosis, mitral prolapse, congenital, and

A number of tests would be performed to analyze the extent of damage of the heart. An electrocardiogram would be one of the first tests performed to check the electrical

When people think of their heart they just think it’s something that is there to keep them alive, it reacts to emotion when something happens in their life, and how complicated can the heart really be. In reality though, the heart is the most complicated vital organ that we have. It does in fact keep you alive and plays a certain roll when your dealing with emotions, but its purpose is so much more than anyone realizes when it comes to our body. It helps regulate our body and its systems to keep us moving and healthy in our day-to-day lives. So when having to deal with a nuclear cardiac study to test its function and anatomy, it is something that can be just as complex when providing a proper data for diagnosis for your physician. You want to ask yourself three vital questions: What is the best protocol, How do we prove to our physician this is the best one, and what is best for the patient outcome? I am writing about how using the çc-99m Tetrofosmin (Myoview) and the information being provided will cover all these questions. Although some of Myoview's facts have stated some disadvantages, for instance its extraction fraction being fifty four percent and other having a higher outcome. I am writing about the protocol use of a one-day rest and stress study using Technetium-99m Tetrofosmin, because of the many advantages it that it does make for a better choice over the other protocols out there.

He stated that in order to ascertain heart conundrums it is essential to look at the spacing of the lines on the EKG. The thinner narrow lines on the EKG usually indicate regular heart beats, and in contrary, the thicker wider lines on the EKG generally indicate an irregular heart pulse or rhythm which is also known as arrhythmia. In addition, our second patient was suffering from shortness of breath and what she said she experienced was “fluttering” in her chest. In addition, psychological factors were in place as well, she mentioned expressing stressful feelings and anger to her husband based upon minor situational arrangements. In the past, our patient had also experienced a brain bleed also known as subdural hematoma. Dr. Katzenberg began to check her vitals, her pulse and lungs with his stethoscope and after he recommended that she takes a stress-echo test to study and get a read of her heart rate capacity. Next, our third patient is suffering from stage IV breast cancer, according to her pet/cat scan information it revealed that she had developed edema and possibly spasms of the esophagus. Due to this data, her oncologist has deduced that the cancer has metastasized (cancer-spreading) throughout her lungs resulting in her to pursue chemotherapy for 6 months to 2 years. During this transition, she has experienced much emotional distress as well as physical stress. She came in for a checkup because she was

An echocardiogram and numerous blood test may also be used to identify congestive heart failure.

During inspection of the heart assessment observe abnormal finding. Inspect the jugular vein and the carotid artery. Note pallor or cyanotic skin color, temperature, turgor, texture, and clubbing of finger. Observe for swelling, edema and ulceration. Clubbing is a sign of chronic hypoxia caused by a lengthy cardiovascular or respiratory. Poor cardiac output and tissue perfusion is noted by cyanosis and pallor. For dark-skinned, inspect his mucous membranes for pallor. Decreases or absent of pulse with cool, pale, and shiny skin, and hair loss to the area, and the patient may have pain in the legs and feet may indicate arterial insufficiency. Ulcerations typically occur in the area around the toes, and the foot usually turns deep red when dependent

Although there are a large number of different methods to assess chest pain, the ‘PQRST’ method will help in the selection of apposite pain medication for my patient and appraise his response to the particular treatment chosen, ("PQRST Pain Assessment Method - Crozer-Keystone Health System - PA", 2017). The ‘PQRST’ mnemonic, self-reporting pain assessment will result in obtaining information for my patients nursing care plan. Characteristics including: What provokes the pain and its factors, what the quality of the pain is (stinging, dull, sharp and burning pain), does the pain radiate and its location, what the severity of pain is on a scale of 0 – 10 (0 being no pain and 10 being worst possible pain) and finally what the timing of the pain is intermittent or continuous, (Wood, 2016). After conducting a thorough assessment of my patient’s presentation, if his scaling of severity is a serious concern, I would activate a Medical emergency team (MET) to further assess my patient providing appropriate and rapid emergency assistance. In addition to this, I would also perform an electrocardiography (ECG) as this is a critical assessment in the situation of chest discomfort and shortness of breath. Performing an ECG will help the medical emergency team detect chest pain conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart to determine treatment methods for my patient

A heart murmur is a sound coming from the heart and can indicate a heart disorder. The murmur sounds like a swishing or whooshing noise. Heart murmurs can be caused by Structural heart defects present from birth, Valvular heart diseases, an infection in the heart, also known as endocarditis, mitral valve prolapse, heart failure, and congenital heart defects. There are two types of murmurs. They are innocent murmurs and abnormal murmurs. The innocent murmur is one that is not a threat in any type of way. The abnormal murmurs is an actual medical condition caused by some sort of abnormality with the heart itself. Heart murmurs like the innocent ones are harmless and do not require any treatment. Although, for others medication, surgery or just

important test of an individuals physical health since unhealthy levels can lead to heart attacks,

Once at the hospital tests will be done to rule out other chest pain related causes. The first test that will be done is an Electrocardiogram or an EKG, which records the hearts electrical activity. Damaged heart cells are not able to produce electrical impulses which will produce abnormal EKG results. Elevations in the ST waves on an EKG are classified STEMI and are present in over ninety percent of myocardial infarctions who had a complete occlusion to an artery (Cardiac Emergencies, n.d.). NSTEMI is where there is no elevation of the ST wave and is indicative that a full occlusion has not occurred (Cardiac Emergencies, n.d.).

The electrocardiogram (EKG) is a simple test that measures the heart's electrical activity (Donahue p. 35). The most widely used screening test is the exercise EKG, or stress test.

These murmurs often turn out to be innocent murmurs. Murmurs that are present at birth should be evaluated closely to rule out valvular origin. The differential diagnoses with a pediatric patient with a murmur will depend on the patient’s age and the presenting symptoms. A neonate with a murmur must considered to have a valve problem until proven otherwise (Hay et al., 2015). However, a murmur which is heard hours after birth is called a transitional murmur and is due to the ductus arteriosus remaining patent. Moreover, a patient who is well oxygenated with pulse equal bilaterally, and has good capillary refill is less likely to have a physiologic murmur. On the other hand, patients with coarctation of the aorta will often present with cyanosis, unequal pulses, and longer capillary refill (Hay et al., 2014). These patients are to be kept in the hospital for further work up under the care of a cardiologist. Another differential diagnosis that should be referred to cardiology is the suspicion of heart. Hear failure can be diagnosed by echocardiogram, chest radiography, and BNP level. Anemia can also result in