Epidemiology: Study Notes

At a young age, I grew an interest for Epidemiology. Coming from a family with a history of obesity and diabetes, I have always been curious and felt the need to understand the cause of global diseases and their burden on society. Throughout my life, I lived in fear that those closest to me would soon pass. Given the opportunity to wake up every day healthy, I feel like it is my responsibility to cure the world of diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and obesity. Unaware of what needed to be done to do so, I decided to join the USC Science Technology And Research Program at my high school to get an insight of the science world.

One of the most useful outcomes of studying epidemiology is learning how to evaluate critically the scientific literature (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Critical assessment of this literature is an important skill for public health professionals because the findings of epidemiologic research inform so many activities (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Munnoch et al. (2008) done epidemiological studies on S.Saintpaul infection occurred in Australia during October 2006 and found that cantaloupe production and processing practices pose a potential public health threat requiring regulatory and community education interventions. Based on main journal article written upon this subject, this article will analyse how epidemiological research has helped us

2) Isolation/causation. Isolation is if only thing changing is that which is being manipulated whether up or down, then the change in effect is caused by the change in IV (the thing manipulated). It is harder to get isolation from psychology, than that from physical experiments. In experiments, even in a double blind study, the IV and subjects are changing. This can prove to make things even more difficult when the DV is based on the subject, the change on the DV may be due to difference in samples and not on changes due to the IV. Where a confounding variable is the environment or situation, the difference in subjects such as age or gender is a subject variable. This is important to note the differences as subject difference Subject variables

Epidemiology today is considered to be the core science of public health and is described as a constellation of disciplines with a common mission: optimal health for the whole community (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiology has reformed public health and continues to strive for disease prevention and health promotion in communities across the world. The population and disease that will be discussed in relation to epidemiology in this paper with be teens and pregnancy. This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in HPV and teenagers and the contributing factors. This paper will also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology,

(DM2). It will focus only on DM2, as type 1 diabetes (DM1) is an autoimmune disorder. Canada

An epidemiologist job is to collect information on the disease that has been spread among a community. They will figure out how many people have fallen ill. Next step would be to find out the age, gender, and status. They want to find out when they became sick.

AC, is a painful and debilitating condition affecting 2% - 10% of the population (Neviaser and Hannafin, 2010: Cadogan and Mohammed, 2016). Statistical data indicates a higher prevalence in women (59% - 70%), a mean onset age of 50 - 60 years (Cadogan and Mohammed, 2016). The average condition duration presents for 30.1 months but ranges from 1 - 3.5 years (Hand et al, 2008) placing a considerable burden upon individuals and health care services. The non-dominant arm is slightly more affected then the dominant arm (Hand, Clipsham, Rees and Carr, 2008: Levine, Kashyap, Bak, Ahmad, Blaine, and Bigliani, 2007) and the risk of recurrence on the contralateral side within 5 years of the first occurrence is 6%–17%, recurrence in the

This video also mentioned that the first signs of the epidemic were not prevalent all over the United States; rather, they were only prevalent in big cities where the gay-lifestyle was prominent, which suggests that the culture of the homosexual community in the early 1980s was related to the risk of AIDS

As we all know the second epidemiologic revolution on the 20th century refers to the time where the focus on health care shifted from addressing communicable illnesses to combating non-infectious diseases with proper education, early detection, and treatment. The second era as this period is also commonly known has been characterized by advances in life expectancy and attention to chronic diseases. During the second portion of the 20th century a decline in cardiovascular diseases has been observed and documented. Why these improvements? These positive changes have been the result of new discoveries in biomedical sciences, preventive and curative interventions, and general improvement in hygiene (Faseb, 2005). Some of those preventive mechanisms in place are anti-smoking and drinking in moderation campaigns, promotion on wellness, weight control, and regular exercise as part of a medical approach, as well as emphasis on the importance of regular sleep patterns.

Epidemiologists gather data from multiple public heath reasons. Some of the locations that the information is gathered from are insurances companies, hospitals, special clinics, physician practices, and school health programs. When an epidemiologist gathers data from insurance companies they can get the information from social security, and health insurances data. The only problem with the data gathered is that it is one-sided not representing those not insured or those who do not have social security. The advantages of the information provided from insurance data are that the information provides physical examinations for those that are insured as well as long term study for each of the patients. Now when looking at hospital data they do not have the same problems as insurance company data gathered by an epidemiologist, it has its own issue.

To solve this mysterious epidemic, the epidemiologists had to use the scientific method. Scientific method is a way to problem solve. The epidemiologists identified the problem, and then, they researched more information to get a good understanding. They developed a hypothesis that the disease was being spread through the air. To learn more about the agent causing Legionnaires’ disease they conducted experiments and were able to identify the agent, and they also identified many of its characteristics. Over the course of doing studies and research, they modified their hypothesis, and threw away some such as the spread of the disease through food and drink. They went back and forth between research, experiment, and patterns to develop their hypothesis.

This paper defines and explains the six core functions of epidemiology: Public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluations, linkages, and policy development. The core functions of epidemiology lay down a foundation on which epidemiologists can begin to work from. This paper will look at the benefits of incorporating all six of these functions into a working plan when health officials, medical personnel, first responders, etc., encounter a disease or illness that needs to be identified, treated and contained.

“Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems (WHO, 2015)”. “Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2015)”.This paper discusses about epidemiology of HIV infection, including factors that contribute the development of the disease, epidemiologic triangle, role of community health nurse and the national organization that address the communicable disease.

Many students at any university brag about knowing exactly what they would be doing with their lives at exactly what age. I, unfortunately, am not one of those people. I came into Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University with an Associate’s degree and absolutely no idea what I wanted to do with that degree. It wasn’t until my encounter with my Microbiology class that I received a glimpse of the possibility of my dream career.

Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals as viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations. It is also the application of this study to the control of health problems.