Epidermal Barrier Impairtion In Asian Populations : Case Study

Like we learned in chapter 1 the job of the integumentary system is to cover and protect the body but what happens if your skin develops a disease like eczema? Eczema is a chronic, common, non-infective inflammatory condition characterized by intense pruritus, redness, and scaling (Eczema, p.1). This condition can appear at any age, but it usually occurs during infancy or early childhood (Eczema, p.1). Eczema or any skin disease are the most common group of occupational health problems leading to absence from work (Eczema, p.1). Several factors play a big role in eczema, both internally and externally, depending on your genetic makeup you may be prone to getting eczema in as early as a few months after you were born or by allergens as a young

B.J.was exposed to cats, thus causing an acute asthma attack. Patient being exposed to cat fur is what caused his allergic reaction. IgE antibodies cause allergic reactions, these cells are mainly attached to mast cells that lie in the lung interstitium in close association with the bronchioles and small bronchi. Once BJ breathes in the fur, to which he is sensitive to, the pollen reacts with these mast cells and thus causing these cells to release histamine. Which causes localized edema in the bronchioles as well as thick mucus. This causes the spams in the bronchilar smooth muscle which cause airway resistance. In return causing an acute asthma attack.

Dendritic cells are known as the gatekeepers and are critical to an immune response. Dendritic cells can either have an immune response or induce tolerance because of the production of different mediators and surface molecules. Because dendritic cells can promote differentiation of CD4+ cells into other types of T-helper cells they can further shape the immune response. What type of response is dependant on the mediators produced and then further influenced by cytokines from the surrounding environment. T-helper cells activate inflammatory cells and form the allergic reactions that are crucial through cytokine production. The allergen specific B cells are engaged by the T-cell receptors on the Th2 cell surface leading to production of IL-4, IL-3 that allows switching in B cells and the synthesizing of IgE (Faoud 2011). The allergen specific B cells and Th2 cells become memory cells for future immune

There is no known treatment to stop its development. Although being physically and mentally healthy may lessen the danger of AD, there are no known drugs that can diminish the threat. The rate at which AD progresses vary from person to person, but the average life prospect of

Allergies are very common and global chronic diseases which occurs when the people’s immune system overreacts a substance which is judged to be harmful to human body. It’s now becoming major public health problem in developed countries especially in Australia. In 2007, according to an ASCIA-Access Economics Report that 4.1 million Australians (19.6% of the population) had at least one allergic disease. Also specialists speculate if Australia’s ageing trend continues, there will be a 70% increase in the number of Australians with allergy, from 4.1 million in 2007 to 7.68 million by 2050 (26.1% of the population). In this article, three aspects which related to allergies in Australia will be discussed in turn: causes, symptoms

Steele, P. (2016) Clinical Immunology Module 3. Lecture 1: Hypersensitivity. (PowerPoint slides: Narration) Retrieved from University of Cincinnati Immunology Blackboard: https://canopy.uc.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/2168-F_35MLSC3053001/16US_MLSC3053001_ImportedContent_20160413040126/Handouts/Mod3_Lecture1_Hypersensitivity.pdf.

Eczema is a term used to refer to diseases of the skin. Eczema causes itching of of the skin, formation of blisters on the skin, the skin turns red and peels off. The parts of the body mostly affected are the inside part of the elbow and knees and also the face (Williams, 2005). There are various types of eczema which includes; atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, hand eczema, dyshidrotic eczema, contact dermatitis among others (Williams, 2005). The most severe type of eczema is atopic sdermatitis, which is a chronic skin disease. This essay will focus on atopic dermatitis by giving a critical description of the condition, statistical findings of the people affected by atopic dermatitis, how the condition affects various body systems and the appropriate medications that can be administered to people diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. This paper provides an overview of atopic dermatitis its diagnosis treatment options and other statistics about the disease.

Asthma and Allergy are accepted conditions that involve both genetics and environmental bothers (contributions). Also, this type of condition is a disease striking the cells of the human body’s immune system; however, it is inflammatory response to a normally

IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are essential components of allergic inflammation. Antigen-specific IgE antibodies are produced in an initial response and bind FcεRI receptors on mast cells and basophils on subsequent exposures. This process is central to the initiation and propagation of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Moreover, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are also

Atopy is defined as an inherited tendency to produce immunoglobulin E antibodies in response to common environmental proteins such as pollen, house dust mites, and food allergens. Atopic dermatitis affects about one-fifth of all individuals during their lifetime, but the prevalence varies throughout the world. Around 50 percent of patients with atopic dermatitis will develop symptoms within their first year of life, and probably 95 percent experience an onset below five years of age. A child with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis have 50 percent of risk of developing asthma and 75 percent of risk of developing hay fever. A typical patient with atopic dermatitis will present with an early onset of itchy eczema localized at sites such as the flexures of the elbows and knees. The skin lesion in atopic dermatitis is not differ from other eczemas such as contact eczema. In its acute form, eczema is characterized by a lively red infiltrate with edema, vesicles, oozing, and crusting. Whereas in the subacute and chronic form, lichenification, excoriations, papules, and nodules are noted (Thomsen,

Sharon is a 76-year-old female who suffers from plague psoriasis (L40.0). Sharon’s symptoms include burning, itching, scaly, extensive plaques located on her hands, feet, and scalp. Previously, Sharon has tried and failed various treatments including taclonex, prednisone, temavate, clobetasol, fluocinonide, lidex, and UV, with little to no relief. The denial states that Sharon needs to try Humira and Enbrel both suppress the immune system. Both of these medications carry warnings for an increased risk of serious infections and malignancies. Otezla, like its biologic counterparts, also minimizes inflammation at the intracellular level, but is not an immunosuppressant. In addition, Otezla is an oral medication eliminating painful injections,

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic disease of unknown origin that usually starts in early infancy; it is characterized by pruritus, eczematous lesions, xerosis, and lichenification. Atopic dermatitis may be associated with other atopic (immunoglobulin E [IgE]) diseases as asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and acute allergic reactions to foods (Jansen et al., 1973).

There are three main players in the development of allergies: immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cells and histamine. IgE is a specific type of antibody that has a significant role in the development of allergies; IgE is able to bind to both allergens and to mast cells, cells that mediate inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity and allergic reactions (3). Once IgE binds to an allergen, the allergen releases T cells to stimulate B cells, developing into plasma cells that produce and release more antibodies (4). Once

For patients either cannot take oclacitinib or other therapies, another option is the recently released 198 biologic. This is a subcutaneous injection of the caninized anti-cIL-31 monoclonal antibody and is aimed 199 at blocking IL-31, which is a mediator of pruritus in dogs [43]. Whether IL-31 is a main cytokine in canine 200 AD is still under investigation. One study had failed to detect IL-31 in the skin of atopic dogs altogether 201 and another study detected IL-31 in the serum of only 57% of atopic dogs. Thus, although IL-31 injection 202 can induce pruritus in dogs, it is not clear yet that this is a critical cytokine in canine AD. IL-31 monoclonal 203 antibody provides approximately 60% reduction in pruritus according to owners and up to 50% decrease 204 of CADESI in most atopic patients [44]. Benefit typically lasts one month although great variability is seen 205 in clinical settings. This therapy appears to be well tolerated with minimal propensity for triggering 206 immunity [45]. 207

Allergic rhinitis” is very comnon disease affects about 5-22% from world population with about 9% of all visits to physicians” for the allergic diseases [1].