Episodic Memory And Reconstructive Memory Analysis

"Memory is composed of several different abilities that depend on different brain systems (1). A fundamental distinction is between the capacity for conscious recollection of facts and events (declarative or explicit memory) and various

The paper “Reconstructive Memory” by the authors H. L. Roediger and K.A. DeSoto shows the evidence that remembering is constructive. When a person receives and encodes different events, he constructs the outside world as he grasps mentally the events. The term “reconstructive memory” represents the idea that remembering the past reflects our attempts to reconstruct the events experienced earlier. It is based partly on remains of past events, general knowledge, expectations and assumptions about what must have happened. Errors, or false memories, are more likely to influence the recollections. Moreover, memory does not perform like a video-recorder, replaying the earlier events like a total recall. During the process there may be errors during retrieval – systematic errors in memory are the primary evidence for its reconstructive nature.

The phenomenon of explaining false memory occurrences is rising. Researchers have developed a paradigm known as “Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm” in efforts to examine false memories in depth (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). In the DRM paradigm, participants are introduced to and asked to memorize a list of correlated words congregating towards a vital subject word that is never introduced (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). The rate that participants recall this false decoy is alarming. Researchers have provided several explanations to explain for the false memories in the DRM paradigm (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). The two most notable in explaining false memories in the DRM paradigm are the fuzzy-trace theory and the activation/monitoring theory (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011). While the two theories are particularly dissimilar, they both sustain that information developing throughout list encoding attributes an essential part in false memory construction (Dehon, Laroi & Van der Linden, 2011).

Research has shown that there is “greater activation in the left inferior frontal and medial temporal lobes” (Stanford, 2006, p. 208) during the encoding of words which were later remembered as compared to those which were forgotten. The sensations perceived by sensory nerves are decoded in the hippocampus of the brain into a single experience (Mastin, 2010). The hippocampus analyses new information and compares and asssociates it with previously stored memory (Mastin, 2010). Human memory is associative in that new information can be remembered better if it can be associated to previously acquired, firmly consolidated information (Mastin, 2010). The various pieces of information are then stored in different parts of the brain (Mastin, 2010). Though the exact method by which this information is later identified and recalled has yet to be discovered, it is understood that ultra-short term sensory memory is converted into short term memory which can then later be consolidated into long term memory (Mastin, 2010).

Memory attributions are based on various qualitative features of the mental experience. Previous studies have found that despite one experiences an intuitive sense of memory, in which the person believes to be an accurate recording of an encounter; empirical results have shown that this experience can be a reconstructive process, which can lead to the development of false memories (Farrants, 1998; Schacter and Addis, 2007). Past researchers have referred ‘false memories’ as memories that took place within experiments, but experiences that do not correspond to experimentally presented stimuli (Roediger & McDermott, 1995; McDermott, 1996; Payne et al., 1996; Read, 1996; Robinson & Roediger, 1997 cited in Gleaves, Smith, Butler & Spiegel, 2004).

Students will recall these kinds of memories because they were semantically encoded, and semantic encoding increases the likelihood of retrieving memories. participants recall these memories without

And therein lies the problem. The fact that our cognitive system processes raw data in order to make better sense of it is a probable cause of the aforementioned lapse in our memory. This experiment aims to study whether the information processing in our cognitive systems leads to the formation of false/illusory memories, and if so, what are the possible reasons as to why these false memories take shape.

Even after being completely consolidated and maintained, researchers believe that memories still have the capacity to evolve over time. When memories are recalled, this potential evolution phase may result in memories returning back to an active state. As a result of this possible shift back into a more vulnerable condition, it has been theorized that reactivated memories may need to be reconsolidated. In essence, the abovementioned rationale is the basis of the reconsolidation theory. Having said that, memory reconsolidation acting as an independent process versus it being just an ordinary repetition of the consolidation stage, has become a highly debatable subject in memory research.

Klein et al. (2002) suggested that the function of episodic memory is providing information storages of counter-examples of semantic summaries, to achieve adaptive decision rules that guide organism’s behaviors.

I have many memories, some of them good, some of them bad, and some of them I regret. Here are examples of memories in the varying categories of memories. One explicit memory is when Gavin Hood ruined Deadpool by sewing his mouth shut, and not including his costume. An example of episodic memory of mine is my first cross country race. Which was freshman year, 2014, at Seymour High School’s course, and I was the only girl on our team competing. A semantic memory that I have is of the Ramses the II, who fought during the battle of Kadesh against the Hittite army for the region between the two empires/kingdoms. An implicit memory that I have is swimming breaststroke. It is important that I have a natural rhythm to my stroke, and have the pull

Over the past decade, the recreational marijuana use has been a serious issue because it may cause memory loss, especially if they started during adolescence. Marijuana, known as the extract from a type of plant named cannabis, which found to be in cigarettes, also consumed as an illicit drug. Recreational use means to be something that denoted occasionally taken for entertainment in a socializing place. A study in 2012 indicates a neuropsychological decline of heavy marijuana user from young to midlife. In 2015, the researcher carries out an experiment based on that open study, to show the significant differences in episodic memory(EM) impairments occur among healthy adult, regular past cannabis use disorder(CUD) individuals, chronic schizophrenia

Memories are a fluid and ever changing part of our cognitive functions. They can be falsified and remembered wrong, correct, or in pieces. In a study by Peggy L. St. Jacques and Daniel L. Schacter (2013), the researchers questioned how memories can be modified after being reactivated. They then specified to question whether the properties of reactivation affect subsequent retrieval of memory (i.e, difference is delay of reactivation or perspective). They studied reactivated memories by using varying types of cues which would either be accurate or inaccurate in relation to the memory hoping to be activated. They hypothesized that a more accurate retrieval cue will activate a memory better than in a mismatched scenario, in which wrongly reactivating a memory will cause a distortion of memory.

Memory is the information that has been encoded, stored, and available for retrieval in our brain. Memory can be subdivided into two broad categories: working memory (or short-term memory) and long-term memory. Long-term memory can in turn be divided into subsystems, one being episodic memory. To know the sex differences in episodic memory, it is important to know the definition. According to Herlitz and Rehnman, they described episodic memory as the conscious recollection of unique personal experiences in terms of their content (what), location (where), and temporal occurrence.

It has been proved that memory within the dogs lets them know more than their owners are letting on. Claudia Fugazza and her colleagues at the Family Project at Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest set out an attempt to investigate whether dogs share a more complex kind of memory in addition to their capability in remembering objects. Due to the difficulty of plumbing what occurs to mind, it concludes that the dogs’ similarity to human is that there is the existence of episodic-like memory. Dr. Fugazza, Adam Miklosi and Akos Pogany then developed an amazing technique known as ‘do-as-I-do training’ to figure out this phenomenon. At first, the dogs learned to imitate any actions given in the training with the ‘do it.’ command, and after that

Tulving's 1972 theory of memory pulls a similarity between general knowledge semantic memory and memory for events episodic memory. Neuropsychological studies have examined each type of memory in separation, nonetheless theorists have long claimed that these two forms of memory are interdependent. The studies demonstrates that these forms of memory can disturb each other both at encoding and at retrieval. In general, neuropsychological studies of episodic and semantic memory have focused on divisions that is, circumstances in which one form of memory is lessened while the other is fairly whole. This methodology is in agreement with neuropsychological tradition, and it has clearly been successful. By showing that episodic and semantic memory