Episodic Memory Paper

74. Raymond remembers, “When I was a sophomore, I took the hardest physics test of my life, and I was happy with my C.” This memory represents a(n)

Memory is a set of cognitive processes that allow us to remember past information (retrospective memory) and future obligations (prospective memory) so we can navigate our lives. The strength of our memory can be influenced by the connections we make through different cognitive faculties as well as by the amount of time we spend devoting to learning specific material across different points in time. New memories are created every time we remember specific event, which results in retrospective memories changing over time. Memory recall can be affected retrospectively such as seeing increased recall in the presence of contextual cues or false recall of information following leading questions. Memory also includes the process

In 1974 the researchers Baddeley and Hitch argued that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store.

Match the following characteristics to their types of memory. The answers can be used more than once.

In recent years, much debate and research has occurred over the process of memory reconsolidation. Understanding the processes that underlie memory formation retrieval and storage is key to understanding and guiding treatment for patients with conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder. This essay discusses the processes of consolidation and how that impacts on reconsolidation and the implications of this knowledge on patients suffering posttraumatic stress disorder.

Treatment: cognitive therapy, no medication for this disorder but you will need to treat pre-existing disorder(s) if there is one, family therapy, creative therapy, clinical hypnosis

In the first study titled “Comparison of memory fMRI response among Normal, MCI, and Alzheimer’s patients,” the hypothesis being tested was that there would be differences on an fMRI memory encoding task between Normal elderly, patients with MCI, and patients with Alzheimer’s. The second hypothesis that was used as a control measure, was a sensory task between Normal elderly, patients with MCI, and patients with Alzheimer’s. There were 14 Normal, 11 MCI, and 10 Alzheimer’s participants in this study (Machulda et. al

Memories shape, influence, and transform us into one unique human being. Being significant in our past, we tend to go back and reference to the negative ones. However, rough memories hinder people in their effort to learn from the past and succeed in the present and near-future. I agree with Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot to a certain extent considering that we revert to them an excessive amount of time, not allowing us to grow as people and form new memories, nonetheless, keeping the important positive memories making us feel wanted and loved as people.

One lovely day my dad, brother, uncle, my cousin, and I were hanging out at lake watauga and taking ride out on the pontoon boat and tubing. We were talking on our pontoon boat at the dock and then it started to rain. Then I hear a big train coming fast at me. It was so scary because my brother cousin and I were freaking out. We sprinted up to our yurt, and my uncle hid in a shed a my brother and cousin were in the bathroom scared while my dad and I were trying to hatch down the yurt. Then all the rain lifted and there was a wall of rain and all the power went out. It was really frightening my dad tried closing the doors but they wouldn't close and he was thrown back from all the wind. So once he shut the doores he couldn't lock

MCI is characterized by noticeable deficits in attention, learning and memory, executive function, processing speed, and semantic language. Deficits In divided attention could be one of the first signs of WM decline in preclinical stages of AD. These deficits may appear around the same time that episodic deficits emerge. Participants took neuropsychological and brain imaging tests three times during a two year period to see what participants developed AD. At the two year mark, 18 out of 40 participants developed dementia, three of those were diagnosed with mixed dementia, and 15 participants were diagnosed with probable AD. The imaging test results showed progression from MCI to AD could be determined by observing structural brain changes, mostly cortical thinning of the right anterior cingulate and middle frontal gyri. A value from one to twelve words were assigned to require to memorize from a list to measure WM efficiency. People with early stage of AD and non-impaired young and older adults were to memorize words with the highest point value to maximize their

One particular memory sticks out when I think of a time I was a good influence on someone. I was playing with my neighbor Evelyn. It was late August and she was telling me how she was afraid to start kindergarten in the fall. I am two years older than her so I had already been through two years of school. I spent the entire day telling her all about how great kindergarten is and explaining how fun the games and other kids are. When we finished talking it was decided that we would pretend that it was the first day of school. I was the teacher and Evelyn was the student, at the end of the day Evelyn said she was no longer afraid of kindergarten, she was excited. Several weeks later after school started Evelyn's mother told me how I helped Evelyn

These areas are monitored because Alzheimer’s Disease, a form of dementia, is due to degenerative atrophy of neurons and synapses which cause decreases in activity, functionality, and size, within these areas. This is why Alzheimer’s Disease is bookmarked by memory loss, confusion, disorientation about time and place, poor judgment, and changes in mood, behavior, and personality. However, when it comes to the use of sMRI and fMRI as biomarkers for determining and testing brain activity in individuals at risk for Alzheimer disease the validity of their use is not so straight forward. Making an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease during the early stages of the disease is a hard one to make. Which means making an accurate diagnosis before any clinical symptoms occur is extremely hard. This is why the majority of biomarkers including sMRI and fMRI are only available as a research tool and are not yet accepted in clinical practice when it comes to diagnosing patients before the onset of any clinical symptoms. With the little success Alzheimer’s Disease medications/interventions have had, many researchers have shifted their focus to a new population group. The new population group is patients who do not yet exhibit Alzheimer’s symptoms but whose brains physically show possible pre-Alzheimer’s disease precursors. Researchers want to see if they can find some kind of common deterioration in brain function and structure in pre-Alzheimer’s

Currently, the leading paradigm to explain Alzheimer’s disease (AD) etiology is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, according to which, overproduction and/or reduced clearance of amyloid β triggers a cascade of events that result in neuronal degeneration, causing progressive dementia. However, the cause of the early memory alterations that AD patients show remains elusive. Recently, early deficits in memory processing have been associated with changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-associated proteins located in CA1 and subiculum of AD patients, namely, upregulation of versican, tenascin-C, laminin β2 and galectin-1, and downregulation of the ECM-related protein basigin; and with changes in the composition of the ECM surrounding hippocampal synaptosomes of the APP/PS1 mouse model

Episodic memories are memories of a specific event in your life. With episodic memories, one is able to recall specific details from a certain event in life. These memories can be of any event such as a birthday party, a trip, or the day you got your first dog. An episodic memory that I quite often recall and can replay and tell the story like it was yesterday was Christmas of 2009 when my mom and dad surprised me with a trip to Disney. This memory will forever have a place in my memory because Disney was always a place that I heard was truly magical and I would give up everything to go.

Specific purpose: to increase my audience's understanding of how memory functions and how it affects them.